Psychology exam 4

What is social psychology?

The scientific study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in social contexts.

What are the three components of attitudes?

Cognitive, affective, and behavioral components.

What is cognitive dissonance?

The psychological discomfort experienced when holding two or more conflicting beliefs, attitudes, or values.

What is attribution theory?

A psychological theory that explains how individuals interpret and understand the behaviors of themselves and others.

What is the fundamental attribution error?

The tendency to overemphasize personal characteristics and ignore situational factors in judging others' behavior.

What is actor-observer bias?

The tendency to attribute our own actions to external factors while attributing others' actions to internal factors.

What is self-serving bias?

The tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to external factors.

What are the two types of conformity demonstrated in Asch's experiment?

Normative social influence and informative social influence.

What differs obedience from compliance?

Obedience involves following direct commands, while compliance involves agreeing to the requests of others.

What were the findings of Milgram's research?

Many people are willing to obey authority figures to the point of inflicting pain on others.

What is prosocial behavior?

Voluntary behavior intended to benefit others.

What is the bystander effect?

The phenomenon where individuals are less likely to help a victim when others are present.

What is diffusion of responsibility?

The tendency for individuals to feel less responsible to take action when others are present.

What factors influence helping behavior?

Being in a small group, perceived similarity to the victim, and the presence of a clear need for help.

What is social loafing?

The tendency for individuals to put in less effort when working in a group.

What is group polarization?

The tendency for group discussion to enhance the group's prevailing tendencies.

What is groupthink?

A psychological phenomenon where the desire for harmony or conformity results in irrational decision-making.

What is a stereotype?

A widely held but oversimplified belief about a particular group of people.

What is prejudice?

A preconceived opinion or judgment about an individual or group.

What is discrimination?

The unjust treatment of different categories of people or things.

How do people learn prejudiced attitudes?

Through socialization, cultural norms, media influence, and personal experiences.

What is in-group bias?

The tendency to favor one's own group over others.

What is out-group homogeneity?

The perception that members of an out-group are more alike than they are.

What is realistic conflict theory?

The theory that intergroup conflict arises from competition for limited resources.

What is scapegoating?

The practice of blaming an individual or group for problems faced by others.

What is compliance in social psychology?

The act of conforming to a request or demand.

What is the foot-in-the-door technique?

A compliance strategy where a small request is followed by a larger request.

What is the door-in-the-face technique?

A compliance strategy where a large request is followed by a smaller request.

What is the low-balling technique?

A compliance tactic where the original offer is made, then the terms are changed to be less favorable.

What is the that's-not-all technique?

A compliance strategy where an initial request is followed by an additional offer to make it more appealing.

What is the reciprocity norm?

The expectation that people will respond favorably to each other by returning benefits for benefits.

What is artificial scarcity?

Creating a perception of limited availability to increase demand for a product or service.

What are the 4 D's of psychological disorders?

Deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger.

What percentage of Americans have a mental disorder in a given year?

About 26.2%.

How has mental illness been explained in history?

Through various models, including supernatural, biological, and psychological explanations.

What is the DSM-5-TR?

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision, a handbook for diagnosing mental disorders.

What are the basic features of anxiety disorders?

Characterized by excessive fear or anxiety, with specific disorders like GAD, Panic Disorder, etc.

What are common symptoms of dissociative disorders?

Memory loss, sense of detachment from self, and identity disruption.

What characterizes mood disorders?

Affects emotional state with examples like major depression and bipolar disorder.

What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking.

What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Affective flattening, alogia, and avolition.

At what age range does schizophrenia typically start, more commonly in males or females?

Onset usually occurs in late adolescence to early adulthood, more common in males.

What defines Autism Spectrum Disorder?

A developmental disorder that affects communication and behavior.

What are personality disorders?

Enduring patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience that deviate markedly from cultural expectations.

What characterizes eating disorders?

Disturbances in eating behavior and related thoughts and emotions, examples being anorexia and bulimia.