blood pressure drugs

what species do we use dopamine in?

dogs only

what receptors are targeted by dopamine?

1. dopamine A1 (DA1) receptors

2. beta-1 receptor

3. alpha-1 receptors

what will dopamine be converted into later in the body?

epinephrine or norepinephrine depending on the location of the body

dopamine is a _ drug

dose-dependent

what type of dose will be given if you are targeting DA1 receptors?

low dose of dopamine

what is the location of the DA1 receptors you are targeting and what is the effect?

1. renal vasculature

2. promote vasodilation

what issue are you targeting if you are prescribing dopamine?

hypotension

what is the dose you are administering if you are targeting B1 receptors for hypotension?

medium dose of dopamine

what is the location of the B1 receptors you are targeting for hypotension and what is the intended effect?

1. B1 receptors in the heart

2. want to increase the cardiac output

what dose are you administering if you are targeting alpha-1 receptors for hypotension?

high dose of dopamine

what is the location of the alpha-1 receptors you are targeting for hypotension and what is the effect?

• target alpha-1 receptors in vasculature

• increase vascular resistance

what species do we use dobutamine in?

horses only

what issue do we prescribe dobutamine for?

hypotension

dobutamine is a drug

dose-dependent

what are the receptor targets for dobutamine?

1. DA1 receptors

2. Beta-1 receptors

3. Alpha-1 receptors

what issue would we prescribe noradrenaline for?

hypotension

what is another name for noradrenaline?

norepinephrine

noradrenenline is a _ drug

dose dependent

what happens when beta-1 receptors are targeted in treatments of hypotension?

1. increase the amount of cardiac output

2. increase the resistance

3. increase the overall blood pressure

how do alpha-1 receptors increase blood pressure when targeting the issue of hypotension?

increase the vascular resistance by vasoconstriction (decreased radius)

what receptors are targeted for noradrenaline?

1. beta-1 receptors

2. alpha-1 receptors

what is the most common cause of hypertension in dogs and cats?

1. chronic kidney disease (most common)

2. stress-related hypertension

what areas of hypertension do we wanna target with drugs to lower blood pressure? (these are the issues that we want to BLOCK)

1. increased ventricular preload

2. systemic arteriolar vasoconstriction

3. activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

what are the two categorical goals we think of in treatment for hypertension?

1. reduction of preload

2. reduction of afterload

when treating hypertension what route will drugs in veterinary medicine address?

reduction of afterload

what are the categories of drugs for addressing reduction of afterload in treatment of hypertension?

1. ateriodilation

2. balanced vasodilation

how will calcium-channel blockers help with hypertension?

1. block entrance of new calcium

2. not enough calcium in blood for muscle cells

3. decrease in contractility of heart

4. vasodilation of blood vessels

how do alpha-adrenoreceptor antagonists work to help treat hypertension?

alpha-1 receptor is crucial in maintaining contractility so by blocking it you increase vasodilation and relaxation of the smooth muscle cells in blood vessels

how will blocking PDE-3 help with the treatment of hypertension?

blocking this will block the production of cAMP in the cell which will decrease muscle contractility and allow for vasodilation to lower blood pressure

how does blocking the angiotensin receptor help with treatment of hypertenstion?

prevents angiosterin 2 can be produced leading to decreased contractility of smooth muscle in blood vessels

how do nitrodilators work to help with hypertension?

help reduce pre-load *NOT REALLY USED IN VET MED

what are the goals of venodilators?

• reduce:

1. cardiac preload

2. cardiac output

3. arterial pressure

4. myocardial oxygen demand

5. capillary fluid filtration and tissue edema

what are the therapeutic goals of arteriodilators?

1. reduction of cardiac afterload

2. enhance pumping of blood

3. increased cardiac output

4. small increase in right arterial pressure

what are the adverse effects of amlodipine?

1. negative inotropic effect

2. reduced cardiac output

3. hypotension (when you use too much of it)

4. sinus bradycardia

5. heart block

what is the receptor target of amlodipine?

calcium channel blocker

what type of drug is amlodipine?

ateriodilator

what type of drug are ACE-inhibitors?

mixed vasodilator

what type of drug is pimobendan?

ACE-inhibitor

what is the receptor target of pimobendan?

inhibition of phosphodiesterase3

what are the adverse effects of pimobendan?

do not use in patients with outflow tract obstructions (stenosis)

what drugs are considered ACE inhibitors?

1. benazepril

2. Enalapril

what is the receptor target of ACE inhibitors?

block the conversion of angiotensin 1 into angiostensin 2

what is important to understand about ACE inhibitors?

when we block angiostensin-2 we are returning the animal back to physiological state

what are the adverse effects of sprionolactone?

1. increased drinking and urinating

2. mild decreases in energy

3. mild electrolyte balance

4. vomitting and diarrhea

what type of drug is spironolactone?

aldosterone receptor antagonist

what happens if you block the aldosterone receptor?

• decrease:

1. inflammation

2. vasoconstriction

3. fibrosis

4. hypertension

what type of drug is telmisartan?

angiotensin receptor antagonist

what category do aldosterone receptor antagonists fall under?

mixed vasodilators

what category do angiotensin receptor antagonists fall under?

mixed vasodilators

what are the adverse effects of telmisartan?

1. vomiting

2. diarrhea

3. lack of appetite

4. low blood pressure

5. decreased energy

what does mixed/balanced vasodilation mean?

targeting both atrial and venous contractibility