L16 Emotion and Motivation (Imported from Quizlet)

Internal states

Behaviour is influenced by _________ _______

Feeding, fighting, fleeing, mating

What are the 4 basic internal states?

Basic structure of all homeostatic systems

What does this image represent?

Home central heating homeostatic system

Hunger/orexigenic

In this image, what does the colour purple represent?

Satiety/anorexigenic

In this image, what does the colour green represent?

Excite/produce

In this image, what do the orange arrows represent?

Inhibit/reduce

In this image, what do the blue arrows represent?

It is a hormone produced by fat that reduces fat

What is leptin and what does it do?

Get obese

Ob/ob mutant mice lack leptin and therefore ...?

It gets thin again

If you link an ob/ob mouse's bloodstream with a normal mouse, what happens?

The mechanism regulating hunger

This image here represents what?

(must be able to know what hormones are satiety promoting or inhibiting)

Ghrelin

An empty stomach produces what?

Negative feedback loops (an odd number of inhibitory arrows in the loop)

What is homeostasis governed by?

Adding or removing key peptides/hormones, activating or blocking/destroying brain regions

The feedback loops can be investigated by ...?

Neuropeptides, hormones

Signalling occurs by _______________ and ______________: slow (minutes - hours - days)

Multiple mechanisms

Hunger and metabolism are regulated by ____________ ______________

Amygdala

Which part of the brain, sitting anterior to the hippocampus, has an important role in fear?

Fearful faces

When doing an fMRI, the amygdala is activated when people looked at what?

Less fear

Lesions in amygdala cause animals to show what?

Fear conditioning

Amygdala is required for _____ _____________

Amygdala and hypothalamus

What brain areas are involved in aggression?

Aggression

Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus causes what?

Affective

The medial hypothalamus is important for ____________ aggression

Predatory

The lateral hypothalamus is important for ___________ aggression

Attack inanimate objects

Artificial activation of VMHvl by optogenetics caused a mouse to do what?

Dopamine

What encodes reward prediction error i.e. surprise?

An action potential being fired

What does each black dot in the graphs represent?

True

Dopamine can predict positive or negative prediction errors (True or False)

Lack motivation

Rats with destroyed mesolimbic dopaminergic projections still seem to enjoy tasty food but they ______ ________________ to seek food

Wanting, motivation

Dopamine drives __________ or ___________ rather than pleasure

Embodied decision making - emotions as 'gut feelings'

What is the 'somatic marker hypothesis'?

Orbitofrontal cortex aka ventromedial prefrontal cortex

What does the highlighted part of this image (in green) represent?

Stress response

Control patients learn to avoid Deck B and show a _______ ___________ (increased skin conductance) when hovering over Deck B

Anticipatory stress

Patients with orbitofrontal lesions don't avoid Deck B and don't show ______________ _________ for Deck B (but they do when they get a penalty)

Common sense ('folk' theory)

Who's theory of how emotions are made is this?

James-Lange theory (1880s)

Who's theory of how emotions are made is this?

Cannon-Bard theory (1920s)

Who's theory of how emotions are made is this?

Emotional experience arises thalamus signalling to neocortex while the physiological reaction arises from thalamus signalling to hypothalamus

What did Cannon and Bard propose?

Singer-Schacter theory

Who's theory of how emotions are made is this?

Constructivist theory

Who's theory of how emotions are made is this?

Dopaminergic neurons, mesolimbic pathway

Reward/addiction is mediated by ______________ _________ through the ___________ ___________