Study Guide for Personality and Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Personality

Complex characteristics outside awareness, shaped by experiences.

Personality Disorder

Enduring deviant patterns causing distress or impairment.

Prevalence of personality disorder

6-15% of population affected by personality disorders.

BPD

Borderline Personality Disorder, common in clinical settings.

ASPD

Antisocial Personality Disorder, prevalent in substance use clinics.

Big 5 personality traits

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

Openness

Curiosity and openness to new experiences.

Conscientiousness

Organization, self-direction, and perseverance.

Extraversion

Need for activity and social interaction.

Agreeableness

Helpfulness, altruism, and empathy towards others.

Neuroticism

Emotional stability and regulation.

Metacognition

Understanding one's own thoughts and mental state.

Maladaptive Responses

Dysfunction in emotional regulation across diagnoses.

Impaired Identity

Incomplete identity formation affecting goals and relationships.

Impulsivity

Abrupt reactions leading to destructive behavior.

Self-Control

Ability to regulate one's own behavior and emotions.

Identity Integration

Coherent sense of self across different contexts.

Relational Capacities

Ability to form and maintain relationships.

Responsibility

Accountability for one's actions and decisions.

Social Concordance

Alignment with social norms and expectations.

Cluster A

Personality disorders characterized by odd or eccentric behavior.

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Mistrustful and suspicious, avoiding uncontrolled relationships.

Trustworthiness

Reliance on others without provocation or evidence.

Distortion of Reality

Misinterpreting minor issues as significant problems.

Self-Importance

Persistent belief in one's own significance.

Argumentative Behavior

Tendency to engage in disputes or conflicts.

Nurse-Client Relationship

Connection between healthcare provider and patient.

Mistrust in Patients

Difficulty in establishing trust with clients.

Schizoid Personality Disorder

Characterized by emotional aloofness and solitary habits.

Impaired Social Interaction

Difficulty engaging with others socially.

Introverted Behavior

Preference for solitary activities over socializing.

Aloofness

Emotional detachment or lack of interest in others.

Communication Confusion

Difficulty in maintaining focus during conversations.

Isolation Reduction Goals

Objectives to decrease patient loneliness and enhance enjoyment.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Social and emotional deficits with odd beliefs.

Ideas of Reference

Belief that common events have special significance.

Constricted Affect

Limited emotional expression or response.

Social Anxieties

Excessive fear or worry in social situations.

Eccentric Behavior

Unusual mannerisms or habits that alienate others.

Supportive Care

Nursing aimed at boosting self-esteem and worth.

Nursing Care for Schizotypal

Focus on social norms to reduce isolation.

Cluster A Disorders

Group of personality disorders characterized by odd behavior.

Paranoid Personality Disorder

Characterized by pervasive distrust and suspicion of others.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Characterized by eccentric behavior and social deficits.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

Excessive self-love and need for admiration.

Grandiosity

Inflated sense of self-importance and entitlement.

Impaired Empathy

Difficulty understanding or caring about others' feelings.

Preoccupation with Success

Focus on money, beauty, and personal achievements.

Criticism Intolerance

Disproportionate reactions to criticism or judgment.

Cluster B

Personality disorders marked by dramatic behavior.

Avoidant Personality Disorder

Fear of embarrassment leads to social avoidance.

Social Rejection Fear

Intense anxiety about being rejected socially.

Comfort in Familiarity

Only feel safe in known social contexts.

Low Self-Esteem

Perception of incompetence and fear of criticism.

Family Relationships

Close ties with family, struggles with outsiders.

Trust Building

Takes time for patients to trust caregivers.

Positive Reinforcement

Support patients to recognize positive social interactions.

Dependent Personality Disorder

Extreme need for closeness, often detrimental.

Passive Behavior

Submissive tendencies to avoid conflict.

Decision-Making Difficulty

Struggle to make choices independently.

External Self-Esteem

Self-worth derived from others' opinions.

Adulting Distress

Difficulty managing adult responsibilities independently.

Assertiveness Training

Helps patients express needs and make decisions.

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

Rigidity and perfectionism without distress from obsessions.

Control Preoccupation

Focus on orderliness and strict routines.

Non-Distressful Symptoms

Patients often do not see their behaviors as problematic.

Acceptance

Recognizing patient as a valuable individual.

Non-judgmental statements

Acknowledging lived experiences without criticism.

Honesty in interactions

Being truthful during patient communications.

Label behaviors

Identify actions without labeling individuals.

Direct questions

Ask caring, genuine inquiries to patients.

Encourage expression

Support sharing of thoughts and feelings.

Active listening

Engage fully to understand patient concerns.

Build hope

Foster optimism in patient outlook.

Disruptive disorders

Characterized by impulse control and conduct issues.

DSM-V

Diagnostic manual for mental health disorders.

Self-control problems

Challenges in managing emotions and behaviors.

Violating rights

Intrusive actions against others' personal boundaries.

Social norms conflict

Behavior that contradicts societal expectations.

Authority issues

Struggles with following rules and regulations.

Oppositional defiance disorder

Pattern of angry, irritable behavior towards authority.

Intermittent explosive disorder

Recurrent outbursts of extreme anger.

Conduct disorder

Persistent violation of societal norms and rights.

Kleptomania

Compulsive stealing without need or justification.

Pyromania

Compulsive fire-setting behavior.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Pattern of disregard for others' rights.

Epidemiology of ASPD

Affects 2% to 3% of the population.

Childhood onset CD

Earlier onset linked to worse outcomes.

Adolescent onset CD

Later onset with different developmental implications.

Attachment issues

Problems stemming from early relationship disruptions.

Traumatic childhoods

Early adverse experiences influencing behavior.

Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)

Pattern of antisocial behavior before age 15.

Psychopathic Traits

Not all ASPD individuals exhibit psychopathy.

Risk Factors for ASPD

Includes male gender and substance use disorder.

ADHD and ASPD

Difficult temperament increases ASPD risk.

Genetic Component of ASPD

Five times more common in first-degree relatives.

Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED)

Characterized by disproportionate aggressive outbursts.

IED Outbursts

Can be verbal, physical, or both.

Duration of IED Episodes

Episodes last minutes to hours.

Consequences of IED

Impacts relationships, school, employment, and legal issues.