Psychology 101: Intro to Psychology Ch 8. Developmental Psychology Theories & Stages

developmental psychology

• how we change over our lifespans

• physical, intellectual, and emotional growth

Developmental psychology involves studying how we change

1. from birth until the cusp of adulthood

2. as we pass through adolescence

3. throughout our lives

4. throughout childhood

throughout our lives

How are the studies of Piaget, Kohlberg, and Erikson similar?

1. They all sought to understand continuities in development.

2. They all sought to understand moral development.

3. They all sought to understand emotional development.

4. They all sought to understand cognitive development.

They all sought to understand continuities in development.

Psychological development is influenced by

1. intellectual and emotional growth

2. physical and intellectual growth

3. physical, intellectual, and emotional growth

4. physical and emotional growth

physical, intellectual, and emotional growth

With regards to the nature vs. nurture debate, a child's development may be affected by nurturing if

1. he wears glasses like his mother

2. he is tall like his father

3. he is neglected by his parents

4. he is born with a birth defect

he is neglected by his parents

Which of the following is an example of a continuity?

1. Our ability to walk

2. Our ability to empathize

3. Our ability to daydream

4. Our ability to think abstractly

Our ability to daydream

prenatal

babies’ development inside their mothers

zygote

an egg cell that has been fertilized by sperm

differentiation

process where cells start to turn into all the different kinds of cells in our bodies — blood cells, skin cells, etc.

teratogen

substance that interferes with normal prenatal development

fetal alcohol syndrome

a set of abnormalities that include physical differences as well as mental retardation

mother’s voice

• babies start to become familiar with this while still in the womb

• once they’re born, they prefer it above other voices, which helps with mother-infant bonding

Rachel is pregnant with her first child and wants to be sure she is doing everything she can to help her baby grow and develop. Which of the following would most likely be recommended to Rachel to promote the psychological development of her baby?

1. Listen to classical music to increase the baby's intelligence.

2. Eat a protein-rich diet to promote fetal muscle development.

3. Exercise for the duration of pregnancy to maintain optimal weight.

4. Speak to the baby to promote mother-infant bonding.

Speak to the baby to promote mother-infant bonding.

Differentiation describes the process of _____.

1. an embryo attaching itself to the uterus

2. cells forming into various types of cells

3. the genes of the parents asserting themselves

4. an embryo turning into a fetus

cells forming into various types of cells

A zygote is an _____.

1. egg cell waiting to be fertilized

2. egg cell that has yet to begin dividing itself

3. embryo multiplying itself

4. egg cell that has been fertilized by sperm

egg cell that has been fertilized by sperm

Exposure to a specific teratogen during key developmental periods has been shown to cause which of the following?

1. Fetal alcohol syndrome

2. Difficult pregnancy and delivery

3. Increased intelligence of the child

4. Higher birth weight

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Why is the nine week mark important during fetal development?

1. At nine weeks the fetus begins the process of differentiation.

2. At nine weeks all of the major systems of the body have been established.

3. At nine weeks the risk of miscarriage increases.

4. At nine weeks the fetus can recognize the voice of the mother.

At nine weeks all of the major systems of the body have been established.

Harry and Margaret Harlow

decided to determine scientifically whether love is something we really need or just a feeling that we have toward things that satisfy our more basic, concrete, physical needs

wire mother

gave food

cloth mother

gave warmth and comfort

Through his research, Harlow concluded that the monkeys developed a preference for a certain surrogate mother based on _____.

1. nourishment

2. contact comfort

3. copying peers

4. survival

contact comfort

A monkey was raised in total isolation without contact with other monkeys. What is the most likely result of this experience?

1. The monkey will only display developmental impairment if frightened.

2. The monkey will be developmentally impaired but will recover later in life.

3. The monkey will be developmentally impaired throughout life.

4. The monkey will be no different from a monkey who experienced socialization.

The monkey will be developmentally impaired throughout life.

Harlow determined that maternal contact is not needed for survival, but is _____.

1. not important for female monkeys

2. not necessary for typical socialization

3. important for social development

4. connected with nourishment

important for social development

In Harlow's experiment, the wire monkey mother offered _____.

1. nourishment

2. security

3. comfort

4. safety

nourishment

Based on Harlow's research, which situation would result in monkeys developing typical social behavior?

1. Monkeys reared with wire surrogates.

2. Monkeys reared with mothers and peers.

3. Monkeys reared with cloth surrogates.

4. Monkeys reared with only mothers.

Monkeys reared with mothers and peers.

schemas

established patterns used to organize knowledge

Which of these statements about assimilation and accommodation is true?

1. All of these statements are true.

2. Assimilation helps kids gather information quickly.

3. They both help kids to learn with increasing sophistication.

4. Piaget believed they both drove intellectual growth.

All of these statements are true.

After a child calls a zebra 'horse,' an example of accommodation is when the child _____.

1. Learns that while a zebra might be similar to a horse, it's not the same

2. Starts calling all animals 'zebras'

3. Continues to call zebras 'horses'

4. Doesn't know what to call either animal

Learns that while a zebra might be similar to a horse, it's not the same

Adaptation is _____.

1. The ways in which children learn about and categorize the world

2. A set of patterns used to understand the world

3. An infant's desire to understand the world by sucking on objects

4. How children change what they believe in order to become adults

The ways in which children learn about and categorize the world

Examples of forming schemas include all of the following except _____.

1. Stereotyping by racial groups

2. Judging people based on gender

3. Seeing each stranger as unique

4. Expecting different football players to act alike

Seeing each stranger as unique

An example of assimilation is a child who has only seen brown horses seeing a white horse for the first time and _____.

1. Not knowing what to call it

2. Correctly identifying it as a horse

3. Calling it a zebra

4. Pointing out how it differs from other horses

Correctly identifying it as a horse

A game of peek-a-boo entertains infants because:

1. Babies understand the parent isn't actually disappearing

2. Babies are in the preoperational stage

3. Babies haven't developed object permanence

4. Babies are developing logic

Babies haven't developed object permanence

How have some studies of cognitive development challenged Piaget's four stage model?

1. Studies have found that there are more stages of cognitive development than Piaget first thought.

2. Studies have found that cognitive development is not always a linear progression.

3. Studies have found distinct differences in cognitive development in boys and girls.

4. Studies have found that Piaget was incorrect in the ages most children reach his defined cognitive stages.

Studies have found that cognitive development is not always a linear progression.

In the concrete operational stage, a child will learn that:

1. Language is the most appropriate way to communicate

2. They can use abstract thinking to solve problems

3. A taller, thinner glass can hold the same liquid as a fatter, shorter one

4. His or her mom has not disappeared when she plays peekaboo

A taller, thinner glass can hold the same liquid as a fatter, shorter one

A child who is just beginning to understand that others may think differently than them, is in which state of cognitive development?

1. Preoperational

2. Sensorimotor

3. Concrete Operational

4. Formal Operational

Preoperational

A child would be more successful in an algebra class if she had reached which stage of cognitive development?

1. Preoperational stage

2. Sensorimotor stage

3. Concrete operational stage

4. Formal operational stage

Formal operational stage

Lawrence Kohlberg

psychologist interested in how children develop their ability to make moral decisions

Carol Gilligan

criticized Kohlberg’s stages for being too focused on boys

A child hiding a cookie so he doesn't have to share it with the other kids is in _____ of moral development.

1. the second pre-conventional stage (stage two)

2. the second post-conventional stage (stage six)

3. the second conventional stage (stage four)

4. the first post-conventional stage (stage five)

5. the first conventional stage (stage three)

the second pre-conventional stage (stage two)

A child not stealing a cookie for fear of being punished is in _____ of moral development.

1. the second pre-conventional stage (stage two)

2. the first pre-conventional stage (stage one)

3. the second conventional stage (stage four)

4. the first conventional stage (stage three)

5. the first post-conventional stage (stage five)

the first pre-conventional stage (stage one)

A child who refuses to help a classmate cheat because the rules say cheating is wrong is in _____ of moral development.

1. the second pre-conventional stage (stage two)

2. the first pre-conventional stage (stage one)

3. the first post-conventional stage (stage five)

4. the first conventional stage (stage three)

5. the second conventional stage (stage four)

the second conventional stage (stage four)

A person who demonstrates against a law that they perceive as unjust, such as civil-rights advocates did in the 1960s, is in _____ of moral development.

1. the first pre-conventional stage (stage one)

2. the first conventional stage (stage three)

3. the second pre-conventional stage (stage two)

4. the second post-conventional stage (stage six)

5. the second conventional stage (stage four)

the second post-conventional stage (stage six)

A child who shares her lunch snack with a classmate she wants to make friends with is in _____ of moral development.

1. the first pre-conventional stage (stage one)

2. the second conventional stage (stage four)

3. the first post-conventional stage (stage five)

4. the first conventional stage (stage three)

5. the second pre-conventional stage (stage two)

the first conventional stage (stage three)

responsiveness & demandingness

the traits used to determine parenting style

authoritative

• a healthy mix of demanding and responsive

• children tend to have higher self-esteem, happiness, motivation & discipline

permissive

they are very responsive to their childs wishes and desires but not at all demanding

neglectful

not demanding of their child or responsive to their needs

Researchers have found that the benefits of authoritative parenting include _____.

1. children who score higher on IQ tests

2. children who have better decision-making skills

3. positive and free-thinking children

4. successful and disciplined children

successful and disciplined children

Jacob is not always in school. When he does come to school, his clothes tend to be dirty or ragged. He also never has lunch money, and when he does bring lunch, he tells his friends that he only brought what he could find. What type of parenting style does Jacob's parents have?

1. Neglectful

2. Permissive

3. Passive

4. Authoritarian

Neglectful

Which of the following best describes the actions of a parent with an authoritarian lifestyle?

1. Asking a child which club that he or she wants to join

2. Telling a child to complete a homework assignment in exchange for a reward

3. Pushing a child to participate in a sport that he or she does not want to play

4. Leaving a child home alone

Pushing a child to participate in a sport that he or she does not want to play

Which of the following describes the permissive parenting style?

1. Demanding but ultimately neglectful

2. Highly responsive but not demanding

3. A healthy mix of responsive and demanding

4. Neither demanding nor responsive

Highly responsive but not demanding

Anna drew the chart below to describe the main characteristics of parenting styles. Which parenting style belongs in box number 4?

1. Authoritarian

2. Neglectful

3. Demanding

4. Permissive

Neglectful

The struggle between intimacy and isolation is most common during the _____

1. adolescent stage

2. middle adulthood stage

3. young adulthood stage

4. late adulthood stage

5. latency stage

young adulthood stage

An elderly adult who feels content about her life is experiencing _____

1. despair

2. stagnation

3. generativity

4. autonomy

5. ego integrity

ego integrity

The conflict between trust and mistrust defines the _____

1. latency stage

2. locomotor stage

3. adolescent stage

4. muscular-anal stage

5. oral-sensory stage

oral-sensory stage

According to Erik Erikson, psychosocial identities involve the interplay between our _____.

1. emotional lives and our social circumstances

2. physiology and our social lives

3. biological development and our social lives

4. emotions and our physical development

emotional lives and our social circumstances

An identity crisis is most likely to take place during the _____

1. locomotor stage

2. young adulthood stage

3. middle adulthood stage

4. adolescent stage

5. latency stage

adolescent stage