Procedures (Shareable) - Ch. 2 Exam - General Anatomy and Radiographic Positioning Terminology (copy)

Anatomy

study of body structure

Physiology

study of body function

Osteology

detailed study of bone

Center the central ray (CR) for imaging

Why are surface (external) landmarks used for in radiography?

Anatomic position

When positioning, how do we always refer to the pt?

Sagittal

Type of body plane that divides the entire body or part into right and left segments

Mid-Sagittal (MSP)

Type of body plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves; most commonly used plane

Mid-Sagittal Plane (MSP)

What is the most commonly used body plane?

Coronal

Type of body plane that divides the body or part into anterior and posterior segments

Coronal Plane

Which plane is typically used for laterals?

Mid-Axillary or Mid-Coronal (MCP)

Type of body plane that passes through the midline to equally divide the body into equal anterior and posterior halves

Oblique

Type of body plane that passes through the body at any angle other than the previously mentioned planes

Transverse (Horizontal)

Type of body plane that passes crosswise through the body or part dividing the body into superior and inferior portions

Cuts or Slices

What may body “planes” also be called when imaging is performed in MRI, CT, or US?

Axillary

What’s another word referring to the armpit area?

Interiliac

Type of special body plane that skims or lies at the top of the pelvis at the top of the iliac crest (vertebral level L4)

Occlusal

Type of special body plane that is formed by the biting surface of the upper and lower teeth with the jaw closed (used for some head and neck positions)

7

How many cervical vertebrae?

12

How many thoracic vertebrae?

5

How many lumbar vertebrae?

C-7
T-12
L-5

How many of each vertebrae are there?

Aorta, Esophagus, Inferior Vena Cava

What are the 3 natural occurring openings in the diaphragm?

Diaphragm

This structure is a muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Thoracic and Abdominal

What are the 2 great body cavities?

Thoracic cavity

This cavity contains pleural membranes, lungs, trachea, esophagus, pericardium, heart and great vessels

Abdominal cavity

This cavity contains the peritoneum, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, stomach, intestines (small and large), kidneys, ureters, major blood vessels, and pelvic portion

Peritoneum

This is the lining of the abdominal cavity

Pericardium

What is the lining of the heart called?

Liver

What is the largest solid organ in the body?

RUQ

Which quadrant can the liver be found in?

RUQ

Which quadrant is the gallbladder in?

LUQ

Which quadrant is the spleen located in?

LUQ

Which quadrant is the stomach in?

Pelvic portion

This portion of the body contains rectum, urinary bladder, parts of reproductive system

Abdominal cavity

Which cavity is the pelvic portion (sometimes) considered to be a part of?

Quadrants

4 clinical divisions of the abdomen

Regions

9 clinical divisions of the abdomen; known as Addison’s Planes

Addison’s Planes

What is the name for the regions of the abdomen?

1 transverse, 1 mid-sagittal

What planes form the quadrants of the abdomen?

2 transverse, 2 sagittal

What planes form the regions of the abdomen?

Right Hypochondrium

Label region 1

Epigastric

Label region 2

Left hypochondrium

Label region 3

Right lumbar

Label region 4

Umbilical

Label region 5

Left Lumbar

Label region 6

Right inguinal/iliac

Label region 7

Hypogastric

Label region 8

Left inguinal/iliac

Label region 9

protuberances and tuberosities

Most anatomic structures cannot be visualized directly with the naked eye, so _______________ and _______________ are used that are found externally to locate and image internal structures accurately

C3-C4

What anatomical landmark is aligned with the hyoid bone?

C5

What anatomical structure is used to find the thyroid cartilage?

C7-T1

Where can your vertebral prominens be found?

T2-T3

What landmark aligns with the jugular notch (space above sternum)?

Jugular notch

What is the space above your sternum called?

T7

What anatomic landmark is commonly used for chest positioning; aligns with bottom of scapula?

Diaphragm

Patients who are paralyzed can have issues breathing due to their difficulty controlling what muscle?

T9-10

What landmark can be used to find the xiphoid process?

L2-L3

What landmark can be used to find the Inferior Costal (Rib) cage and the stomach?

L4-L5

What landmark can be used to find the Superior most iliac crest?

Body Habitus

Very important concept in radiography as it directly affects centering and film placement; common variations in the shape of the human body; directly effects the location of the heart, lungs, diaphragm, stomach, colon, gallbladder

Hypersthenic

Largest body habitus; massive build, high diaphragm, organs are higher and more horizontal; away from the midline; 5% of the population

Sthenic

Type of body habitus that’s considered “ordinary” or “average”; diaphragm and organs will be moderately high and evenly spaced within the abdomen; 50% of the population

Hyposthenic

Type of body habitus that’s considered “ordinary” or “average”; similar to sthenic but slightly smaller space between organs; 35% of the population

Asthenic

Type of body habitus that’s very thin and frail; diaphragm is low; organs will be low and more vertical; towards the midline; not having any size normalcy; very small; 10% of the population

206

How many bones in the adult body?

Provide attachment for muscles, mechanism for movement, protection of internal organs, frame for support, storage of calcium, production of red and white blood cells

What are some purposes for bones?

Ligaments

These structures attach bone to bone

Tendons

These structures attach muscle to bone

Fractures

What heals faster: fractures or ligament/muscle injuries?

S1-S2

What anatomical landmark aligns with the ASIS (Anterior Superior Iliac Spine)?

Affects centering and film placement

Why is body habitus important to know?

Hypersthenic, Sthenic, Hyposthenic, Asthenic

What are the 4 body habitus types in order from largest to smallest?

80 bones

How many bones make up the axial skeleton?

Axial and appendicular

What are the 2 main divisions of bones in the body?

Axial

This skeleton division contains 80 bones including the skull, sternum, ribs, and spine; functions to support and protect the head and trunk of the body

Appendicular skeleton

Skeleton division that has 126 bones including the scapulae, clavicles, pelvis, and upper and lower limbs; functions to allow body to move in various positions

126

How many bones in the appendicular skeleton?

Trabeculae

What’s the term for bony detail?

Compact bone

The term for the strong, dense outer layer that is found on all bones that protects the bone and gives it strength

Spongy bone

The term for the inner less dense portion of all bones

Trabeculae

Found in spongy bone; filled with red and yellow bone marrow; bony detail

Red marrow

found in the trabeculae of spongy bones; produces red and white blood cells

Yellow marrow

found in the trabeculae of spongy bone that produces/stores adipose (fat) cells

Medullary canal

Inner channel of long bones

Medullary canal; epiphyseal ends

Where is yellow marrow found in long bones compared to where red marrow is in long bones?

Periosteum

Tough, fibrous connective tissue that covers all bony surfaces except joints covered by articular cartilage

Articular cartilage

This covers bones that are found in joints and are not covered in periosteum

Endosteum

The tissue that lines the medullary cavity inside bones

tubercles/tuberosities

Bones contain knoblike projects called ________________ or ________________ that are covered with periosteum and serve as attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligaments

Periosteum

Where do blood vessels and nerves enter and exit through in a bone?

foramen

blood vessels and nerves enter and exit bone through holes is called __________________

nutrient foramen

hole at the center of all long bones for nutrient artery which supplies the bone and marrow

ossification

development & formation of bone (starts in 2nd month of embryonic life)

starts in 2nd month of embryonic life

When does ossification begin?

intermembranous and endochondral

What are the two types of ossification?

Intermembranous

type of ossification; bones that develop from fibrous membranes of the embryo that produces flat bones such as skulls, clavicles, mandible, and sternum; fully form after birth

endochondral

type of ossification; develops from hyaline cartilage of the embryo to form short, irregular, and long bones; occurs at two distinct areas called the primary and secondary centers of ossification

Primary ossification

type of endochondral ossification; begins before birth, forms entire bulk of short and irregular bone; form the diaphysis

Secondary ossification

Type of endochondral ossification; occurs after birth; when separate bones begin to form at the ends of long bones; each end is called the epiphysis