Unit 11 Nervous System

Unit 11 Nervous System; Weber State HTHS 2111

Match the division of the nervous system to its constituent parts.

central nervous system (CNS)-brain & spinal cord

peripheral nervous system (PNS)- somatosensory receptors, spinal nerves, ganglia, and cranial nerves III-XII

Match the location to the name.

cluster of cell bodies in the CNS-nucleus

cluster of cell bodies in the PNS-ganglion

Match the location to the name.

bundle of nerve axons in the CNS-tract

bundle of nerve axons in the PNS-nerve

Match the division of the nervous system to its characteristic.

sensory-detecting stimuli on body surface

motor-moving a skeletal muscle

Match the division of the nervous system to its characteristic.

sensory-detecting photons

motor-changing the secretion of a gland

Match the division of the nervous system to its characteristic.

sensory-detecting pressure waves of air (sound)

motor-increasing heart rate

Match the division of the nervous system to its characteristic.

sensory-detecting chemicals dissolved in saliva (taste, gustatory)

motor-decreasing the diameter of blood vessels

Match the division of the nervous system to its characteristic.

sensory-detecting chemicals dissolved in the air of the nasal passages (olfactory, smell)

motor-decreasing the size of the pupil

Match the division of the nervous system to its characteristic.

sensory-detecting head tilt

motor-increasing the size of the pupil

Match the division of the nervous system to its characteristic.

sensory-afferent

motor-efferent

Match the autonomic action to the division of the autonomic nervous system.

increase pupil size (mydriasis)-sympathetic

increase breathing rate & bronchial tube diameter -sympathetic

increase heart rate-sympathetic

decrease fluid secretion in lungs-sympathetic

decrease gut motility-sympathetic

decrease pupil size (miosis)-parasympathetic

decrease breathing rate & bronchial tube diameter-parasympathetic

decrease heart rate-parasympathetic

increase fluid secretion in lungs-parasympathetic

increase gut motility-parasympathetic

Match the adult structure to the embryonic brain vesicle from which it derives.

cerebral cortex-telencephalonpineal gland-diencephalonmidbrain-mesencephalonpons-metencephalonmedulla-myelencephalonbasal nuclei (basal ganglia)-telencephalonthalamus-diencephaloncerebellum-metencephalonhypothalamus-diencephaloneye cups-diencephalon

Enter the names of the secondary brain vesicles, in order from most rostral to most caudal.

most rostral-telencephalon

|-diencephalon

|-mesencephalon

|-metencephalon

v-myelencephalon

most caudal-spinal cord

Match the characteristic to the type of glial cell

maintain the ionic environment of the brain-astrocytes

sponge up the amino acid glutamate, which can damage neurons astrocytes

form part of the blood-brain barrier ependymal cells-astrocytes

their end-feet form the pia mater-astrocytes

wrap myelin around neuronal axons in the CNS -oligodendrocytes

Match the characteristic to the type of glial cell

wrap myelin around neuronal axons in the PNS -Schwann cells

defend brain tissue by eating invaders-microglia

make cerebrospinal fluid-ependymal cells

move cerebrospinal fluid around Schwann-ependymal cells

line ventricles ependymal cells

what part of the neuron undergoes a chain reaction to move the signal to the synapse?

axon

Acetylcholine is a widespread neurotransmitter that is found in all of the following except

The adrenal medulla

How would you explain the charge changes that occur in a neuron during the messaging process?

Prior to the process, the neuron is polorized; as the signal passes along the axon, the membrane depolarizes and repolarizes again, passing positive charges in and then back out

In the neuron when a depolarizing signal reaches the __________, the change in polarity triggers the release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic cell

axon terminal

the electrical signal, or potential, can be transmitted from the axon terminal to all of the following except

Fibroblasts

The resting neuron has a net_________ charge inside the cell and a net ________ charge outside it

negative, positive

What part of the neuron is responsible for receiving a signal?

dendrites

Before a signal begins, which phrase best describes the electrical state of the neuron?

negative charge inside

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is comprisedof:

– somatosensory receptors– spinal nerves– ganglia– cranial nerves III-XII

A cluster of nerve cell bodies in the central nervous system is (confusingly) called a

nucleus

A cluster of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system is called a

ganglion

A cluster of nerve axons (wires) in the central nervous system is called a

tract

A cluster of nerve axons (wires) in the peripheral nervous system is called a

nerve

information is coming into the CNS

Afferent

Information is going out of the CNS

Efferent

The motor system is divided into

autonomic and somatic

autonomic is also called

visceral

Autonomic Effectors

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands

the autonomic nervous system is further divided into

enteric, sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

somatic is the

voluntary motor system (skeletal muscles)

Enteric Nervous System

an independent network of neurons in the ganglia of the gut wall

Sympathetic Nervous System

fight or flight” (or freeze)– activated when we are in danger — or even if we imagine we’re in danger– activated all at once, throughout body

Parasympathetic Nervous System

rest and digest”– activated when things are quiet– activated organ-by-organ

Maintain the ionic environment of the brain

Astrocytes

Sponge up the amino acid glutamate, which can damage neurons

Astrocytes

Form part of blood brain barrier

Astrocytes

Their end-feet form the pia mater

Astrocytes

Wrap myelin around neuronal axons in the CNS

Schwann cells

Defend brain tissue by eating invaders

Microglia

Make cerebrospinal fluid

Ependymal cells

Move cerebrospinal fluid

Ependymal cells

Lines ventricles

Ependymal cells

Which structures are located within the diencephalon? 

epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

Where to find frontal lobe

In the front, anterior region

Where to find temporal lobe

Under the temple, lateral region

Where to find occipital lobe

In the back, posterior region

Where to find parietal lobe

posterior to frontal lobe

Where to find insular lobe

interior, only visible when lateral sections are cut away

Lateral sulcus/fissure

Divides frontal and parietal lobes superiorly from the temporal lobe inferiorly

Medial longitudinal fissure

Divides brain into left and right hemispheres

Central sulcus

Divides the frontal lobe and parietal lobe

Transverse fissure

Divides cerebrum from cerebellum

Precentral gyrus

part of the frontal lobe, anterior to central sulcus

Postcentral gyrus

Part of the parietal lobe, posterior to central sulcus

Primary motor cortex location

Frontal lobe, precentral gyrus

Primary somatosensory cortex

Parietal lobe, postcentral gyrus

Primary auditory cortex

Temporal lobe

Primary visual cortex

Occipital lobe

Primary olfactory cortex

temporal lobe, near the nose

Primary gustatory cortex

Insula and frontal lobe

parasympathetic nervous system five key systems it controls

salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, and defecation.

Posterior dorsal roots contain

axons that bring in sensory information

Posterior dorsal horns contain

neurons that process incoming sensory information

lateral horns contain

neurons that process and send out input to the autonomic nervous system

Anterior Ventral horns contain

neurons that process and send out somatic motor information

Anterior ventral roots contain

the axons of alpha motor neurons that innervate skeletal tissue

Endoneurium

around individual myelinated axons

Perineurium

around bundles of axons (fasicles)

Epineurium

around the entire nerve

Cervical plexus made up of

dorsal and ventral roots from cervical level 1 (C1) to C5

Brachial plexus made up of

C6-T1 roots

Lumbar plexus made up of

L1-L5 roots

Sacral plexus

made up of S1-S5 roots

Central sulcus

(fissure of Rolando) divides frontal and parietal lobes

Lateral sulcus

(Sylvian fissure) divides frontal and parietal lobes (superior) from temporal lobe(inferior)

precentral gyrus

elevation just anterior/rostral to the central sulcus

postcentral gyrus

elevation just posterior/caudal to the central sulcus

Primary auditory cortex

Superior temporal gyrus and lip of nearby lateral fissure, responsible for conscious perception of sound, A1 41 & 42

Primary visual cortex

V1 17, Upper and lower banks of calcarine sulcus in occipital lobe, visual space map

Somatosensory cortex

1 2 & 3, in postcentral gyrus

Vestibular cortex

not well defined, neck area of primary somatosensory cortex

Gustatory cortex

near tongue area of somatosensory cortex

primary motor cortex

M1, Brodmann 4) is located in the precentral gyrus

Premotor cortex

(Brodmann area 6)

Supplementary motor area

SMA, alsoBrodmann 6)

Frontal eye fields

(Brodmann 8 control eye movements, especially quick tracking movements

Broca’s area

(Brodmann 44, 45)– this area is responsible for the production of symbolic language: speech, sign language, written language

Deep underneath motor cortex Five related nuclei:

striatum: caudate and putamen– pallidum: globus pallidus– related nuclei: subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra

The dura mater is tightly bound to

the skull

The arachnoid mater is (normally )tightly bound to

the dura mater

anterior circulation

internal carotid arteries– anterior cerebral arteries (ACAs)• connected by single anterior communicating artery– middle cerebral arteries (MCAs)• at the internal carotid/MCA transition, branches called the (left and right) posterior communicating artery come off

posterior circulation

vertebral arteries rise through vertebrae– these anastomose to form single, midline basilar artery along base of pons– basilar bifurcates (branches) into right and left posterior cerebral arteries (PCAs)– this is where posterior communicating arteries from anterior circulation join the posteriorcirculation

Cavernous Sinus has what passing through

internal carotid artery (most of blood supply tobrain)– four cranial nerves• CN III, CN IV, CN VI, and ophthalmic (V1) andmaxillary (V2) branches of CN

Only sensory cranial nerves

I, II, VIII

Only motor cranial nerves

III, IV, VI, XI, XII