Audition final

~6dB

How much gain is provided by binaural summation at high SL?

200ms

To achieve binaural summation, what is the max. gap of time between the two signals?

~3dB

How much gain is provided by binaural summation at SL near the threshold?

better

Discrimination threshold for intensity is ____ with binaural hearing? (select better or worse)

better

Discrimination threshold for frequency is ____ with binaural hearing? (select better or worse)

intensity

Which discrimination threshold is improved MORE with binaural hearing? (select intensity or frequency)

reduces

Binaural hearing ____ masking effect (select increases or reduces)

improves

Binaural hearing ____ sound quality (select improves or worsens)

2D

The visual and somatosensory systems have __ input regarding space (select 1D, 2D or 3D)

Sensory maps of space

This term describes the way the visual and somatosensory systems map out the location of their stimulus. The auditory system does not have this.

azimuth (horizontal)

This plane of sound localization is what captures the left vs right sided signals of sound

elevation (vertical)

This plane of sound localization is what captures the above vs below signals of sound

azimuth (horizontal)

This plane is more important and accurate in sound localization

azimuth (horizontal)

This plane of sound localization uses binaural cues

elevation (vertical)

This plane of sound localization uses monaural spectrum cues

direction

In sound localization, this tasks is more important (select direction or distance)

true

T/F: when sound leaves midplane, we use both types of cues (binaural and spectrum)

higher

More shadow effect occurs at what frequency range? (select higher, mid, or lower)

angle/direction

For IID/ILD, which is more important? (select angle/direction, or distance)

90

At what degree of azimuth is IID largest?

0

At what degree of azimuth is IID lowest?

90

At what degree of azimuth is ITD largest?

0

At what degree of azimuth is ITD lowest?

false

T/F: ITD and IID are both caused by shadow effect

IID

Which binaural difference is due to shadow effect? (select ITD or IID)

ITD

Which binaural difference works best with transient sounds (at onset/offset) (select ITD, IID, or IPD)

IPD

Which binaural difference works best for continuous sounds? (select ITD, IID, or IPD)

no effect

If ITD = the period of the signal, what is the effect of IPD? (select largest effect or no effect)

Duality theory/duplex theory

This theory predicts that low frequency sounds rely on ITD/IPD and high frequency sounds rely on IID.

true

T/F: high frequency tones can provide ITD/IPD if they are modulated at low frequency

mid

Localization of pure tones is poorest in what freq range? (select high, mid, or low)

3000Hz

At what approximate frequency is localization of pure tones poorest?

localization error

This localization task measures the difference between the physical sound target and the direction identified by a subject.

minimum audible angle (MAA)

This localization task measures the smallest angle change of the sound source that can be detected by a subject.

minimum audible angle (MAA)

Which localization task results in a smaller localization angle difference?

mid

At what frequency range is MAA the poorest? (select high, mid, or low)

monaural spectrum

These localization cues result from the head-related transfer function (select binaural or monaural spectrum)

behind

More shadow effect occurs with sound that is in front of the face or behind the head? (select front or behind)

masking

What do we call it when one sound interferes with the sensation of another sound?

higher

Masked threshold is usually ___ than threshold in quiet? (select the same, higher, or lower)

false

T/F: for masking to occur, the masker must be played at the same time as the target sound?

backwards, forward, simultaneous

Name the three types of temporal masking (put answers in alphabetical order)

energetic (peripheral)

In this type of masking, the masker is exciting neurons that are required to sense the target, causing a masking effect due to the lack of neurons available to sense target

energetic (peripheral)

This type of masking occurs in the cochlea

informational masking

In this type of masking, the information carried by the target signal and masker are both important, and there is no overlap in the frequency spectrum between the masker and signal

central

When masking occurs at the level of the brain rather than the ear, we call it ___ masking

false

T/F: informational masking = central masking

true

T/F: informational masking can occur from the masker and target signal entering the same ear

partial

With _____ masking, the masker does not totally cover the target but just reduces its loudness

psychophysical tuning curve

A masking tuning curve obtained in a behavioural test is called ...

true

T/F: maskers that have similar frequencies as the target signal mask easier (i.e. they can mask at lower sound levels)

true

T/F: The psychophysical tuning curve is asymmetric, broader at the lower frequency side of target

1/3

What fraction of an octave is the length of a critical band?

1.3

What is the length of a critical band in mm?

20%

What is the length of a critical band as a percentage of the central frequency?

backwards masking

In this type of temporal masking, the masker occurs after the target tone

simultaneous masking

In this type of temporal masking, the masker occurs at the same time as the target tone

forwards masking

In this type of masking, the masker occurs before the target tone

f

Masking has the largest effect (greatest change in threshold) at what point? a) before the masker is played, b) at the onset of the masker, c) during the masker, d) at the offset of the masker, e) after the masker, f) at both the onset and offset of the masker (just type the letter)

monotic

In this type of masking, both the masker and target sound is played in the same ear (select dichotic or monotic)

dichotic

In this type of masking, the masker and the target sound are played in different ears (select dichotic or monotic)

monotic

Which masking type is stronger? (select dichotic or monotic)

dichotic

Which masking type is a central process? (select dichotic or monotic)

backwards

This type of temporal masking is not due to interaction in the cochlea, but likely due to short memory formation (select backwards or forwards)

forwards

This type of temporal masking is due to interaction in the cochlea (select backwards or forwards)

pitch fusion

This methodological concern with pitch discrimination tests happens when two tones played simultaneously or with a very small gap in between are perceived as one single tone.

False

T/F: For pitch fusion to occur, the difference of frequency between the two tones must be smaller than Δf

frequency splitting (splattering)

This methodoligcal concern with pitch discrimination tests happens when a tone is turned on and off very quickly.

increases

At higher frequencies, the Δf: (select increases or decreases)

decreases

At higher sound levels, the Δf: (select increases or decreases)

100-200

Δf improves (gets lower) up to durations of _____ms

false

T/F: pitch is linearly related with frequency

true

T/F: an octave is a multiple of a fundamental frequency. (i.e. an octave above 100Hz is 200Hz, an octave above 200Hz is 400Hz)

1000Hz at 40dB

1000 mels is equivalent to ____Hz at ___dB SL (type the values and the units with 'at' in between)

50

How many mels is a tone that is half the pitch of a 100mels tone?

true

T/F: there is no direct relationship between frequency and mels

false

T/F: There is a direct relationship between mels and the musical scale

3000

If you double the mels from 1000mels to 2000mels, the frequency would increase from 1000Hz to ______Hz (just type number)

6.2

If you double the mels from ~1100mels to ~2200mels, the frequency in Hz is ____times as large (just type number)

100

1 bark = how many mels? (just type number)

1.3

1 bark = how many milimeters on basilar membrane? (just type number

bark

What is the unit for measuring critical band?

24

How many total barks exist on the basilar membrane?

distance on BM

Mels is a measurement of what: (select frequency, musical pitch, or distance on BM)

timbre

Fundamental frequency:pitch as harmonic components:____

analytic pitch

This perception of pitch is the ability to hear partials as well as the fundamental

synthetic/virtual pitch

This perception of pitch is the ability to hear a single dominant pitch that arises from a complex tone

5Hz

What is the frequency of the beat heard when a tone of 1000Hz is played at the same time as a tone of 1005Hz?

600Hz

If the fundamental frequency is 200Hz, what is the frequency of the second overtone?

b

When we can 'hear' the missing fundamental by listening to an array of overtones, it is because: a) the place on the BM that is sensitive to the fundamental frequency is being excited, b) the envelope of the BM resembles the fundamental frequency due to phase locking (select a or b)

3

When the duration of sound is doubled (up to 200ms), the intensity threshold improves by how many dB? (just type number)

low

With temporal summation, the intensity threshold improvement as a result of an increase in duration is greater at which frequency level? (select low or high)

energy

Temporal summation suggests that the auditory system works as what kind of detector? (select power or energy)

c

What is the calculation for equal energy? a) E=P/T, b) E=T/P, c) E=P*T (just type a, b, or c)

3

A 50% change in power results in a ___dB change in sound level (just type number)

c

According to neural summation, the activity of different neurons is added up to result in what changes of response? a) longer lasting but weaker, b) shorter lasting but stronger, c) longer lasting and stronger d) shorter lasting and weaker (just type a, b, c, or d)

200ms

What is the time limit for neural summation to occur? (type number and unit)

b

What do we call the ability to perceive a quick change of signal? a) auditory intensity resolution, b) auditory temporal resolution, c) auditory temporal segregation, d) auditory temporal integration (just type a, b, c, or d)

a

Which of the following is not a method for testing temporal resolution? a) backwards masking, b) gap detection, c) temporal modulation transfer function, d) forward masking, e) duration discrimination, f) discrimination of pulsed signals (just type the letter)

false

T/F: the visual system has better temporal resolution than the auditory system