BS161: Topic 1 - Levels of Organisation

What is Anatomy?

The study of body structures

What is Physiology?

The study of function

What is Gross/Macroscopic Anatomy?

large, visible structures

What is Clinical Anatomy?

Medical specialities

What is Developmental Anatomy?

Conception to death

What is Microscopic Anatomy?

Cells and molecules

What is Surface Anatomy?

Exterior features

What is Systemic Anatomy?

Organ systems

What is Regional Anatomy?

Body areas

What is Cytology?

The study of cells and structures

What is Histology?

The study of tissues and structures

What is Cell Physiology?

Process within and between cells

What is Organ Physiolgy?

Functions of specific organs

What is Systemic Physiology?

Functions of an organ system

What is Pathological Physiology?

Effects of disease

What are the different levels of Organisation?

Chemical

Cellular

Tissue

Organ

Organ System

Organism

What is the Chemical Level of Organisation?

Atoms and molecules (group of atoms)

What is the Cellular Level of Organisation?

Group of atoms, molecules, and organelles working together

What is the Tissue Level of Organisation?

Group of similar cells working together

What is the Organ Level of Organisation?

Group of tissue working together

What is the Organ System Level of Organisation?

Group of organs working together

How many organ systems are in the human body?

11

Name all 11 Organ Systems in the Human Body

Integumentary

Skeletal

Muscular

Nervous

Endocrine

Cardiovascular

Lymphatic

Respiratory

Digestive

Urinary

Reproductive

What are TIssues?

Collections of cells and cell products that perform specific limited functions

What are the different types of Tissues? (E, C, M, N)

Epithelial, connective, muscle, neural

What are Epithelia?

Layers of cells covering internal/external surfaces

What are the roles of Epithelial Tissue?

• Covering

• Lining

• Glands

• Covers exposed surfaces

• Lines internal passageways

• Forms glands

What are the functions of Epithelial Tissue?

• Protection

• Permeability

• Sensation

• Secretions

• Physical protection

• Control permeability

• Provide sensation

• Produce specialized secretions

How are Epithelia classed?

Based on shape or layers

Epithelia based on shape (Sq, Cu, Co)

• Squamous - Thin and flat

• Cuboidal - Square

• Columnar - Tall rectangles

Epithelia based on layers

• Simple - Single layer

• Stratified - Several layers

Transitional Epithelia

• What does it tolerate?

• Returns

• Relationship btwn appearance and stretching?

• Where are they?

• Tolerates repeated cycles of stretching and recoiling

• Returns to its shape

• Appearance changes with stretching

• In regions of urinary system

What is one function of connective tissue related to microorganisms?

Defence vs invading microorganisms

What structural role does connective tissue play in the body?

Establish structural framework for the body

How does connective tissue assist in the movement of substances?

Transporting fluids and dissolved materials

What protective function does connective tissue serve?

Protecting delicate organs

What role does connective tissue have in relation to other tissues?

Supporting, surrounding + interconnecting tissues

What is a role of Connective Tissue relating to energy?

Storing energy reserves - especially as triglycerides

What are the types of connective tissue? (CTP, F, S)

Connective tissue proper

Fluid

Supporting

Describe Connective Tissue Proper

Loose and dense, connect and protect

What is the role of Fluid Connective Tissue?

Transport

What is the role of Supporting Connective Tissue?

Structural strength

What are the different types of Loose Connective Tissue? (AAR)

Areolar

Adipose

Reticular

What is Areolar Tissue?

• Specialisation?

• Description

• What does it hold?

• Least specialised, open framework

• Viscous ground substance and elastic fibres

• Holds blood vessels and capillary beds

What is Adipose Tissue?

• What type of cells?

• Division

• Expansion

• Mainly adipocytes - fat cells

• Don't divide in adults

• Expand to store fat, shrink as it's released

What is ‘White Fat’ Adipose Tissue?

• How common

• Shock

• Heat

Most common, absorbs shock, insulates heat

What is ‘Brown Fat’ Adipose Tissue?

• Vascularity

• Energy absorbing

• Breakdown

More vascular, absorbs energy from surroundings, quickly breaks down to energy

What is Reticular Tissue?

• Support

• Network

• Stroma

• Provides support

• Complex 3D network

• Supportive fibres - support functional cells (parenchyma)

What are the Reticular Organs? (S, L, LN, BM)

Spleen, Liver, Lymph Nodes, Bone Marrow

What is Dense Regular Connective Tissue?

• Packing

• Where? (T, L, F)

• Tightly packed, parallel collagen fibres

• Tendons, Ligaments, Fascia

What is Dense Irregular Connective Tissue?

• Fibres

• Where is it layered?

• Around what?

• Forms what?

• Interwoven networks of collagen fibres

• Layered in skin

• Around cartilages (perichondrium), around bones (periosteum)

• Forms capsules around some organs

What are Elastic Connective TIssues?

Made of elastic fibres

What are the types of Fluid Connective Tissues? (BL, R, W, P)

Blood and Lymph

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets

Blood and Lymph

• Carry what?

• Proteins

• Elements

• Carry specific cell types

• Watery matrix of dissolved proteins

• Formed elements of blood

Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)

• How much of blood vol?

• Transport?

• Colour?

• Account for half the volume of blood

• Transport oxygen in blood

• Give blood its colour

White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

• Defend?

• Monocytes

• Lymphocytes

• Defend from infection and disease

• Monocytes - phagocytes similar to free macrophages

• Lymphocytes - Uncommon in blood but dominant in lymph

What are Eosinophils and Neutrophilis?

Phagocytes

What do Basophilis do?

Promote inflammation

What is the Platelet Membrane?

Enclosed packets of cytoplasm that function in blood-clotting

Role of Platelets

Involved in clotting response that seals leaks in damaged/broken blood vessels

What is the role of Supporting Connective Tissue

Support soft tissues and body weight

What is Cartilage?

Gel-type ground substance

What is the role of Cartilage?

Shock absorption and protection

Describe bone

Calcified, made rigid by Ca salts/minerals

What is the role of bone

Weight support

Describe Hyaline Cartilage

Stiff, flexible support

What is the role of Hyaline Cartilage?

Reduces friction between bones

Where can we find Hyaline Cartilage? (SJ, RT, S, T)

• Synovial joints

• Rib tips

• Sternum

• Trachea

Describe Elastic Cartilage

Supportive but bends easily

Where is Elastic Cartilage found?

External ear

Epiglottis

What is the role of Fibrocartilage?

• Movement

• Bone to bone

• Knees

• Found btwn?

• Limits movement

• Prevents bone to bone contact

• Pads knee joints

• Found between pubic bones and intervertebral discs

Describe Bone/Osseous Tissue

• Strength

• Shattering

• Strong - Calcified Ca salt deposits

• Resists shattering - flexible collagen fibres

Describe Bone Cells/Osteocytes

• Arranged around?

• Channels

• Arranged around central canals w/in matrix

• Small channels through matrix (canaliculi) access blood supply

What is the Periosteum?

Covers bone surfaces

What are Membranes?

Physical barriers, line/cover portions of the body

What do Membranes consist of?

Epithelium, supported by connective tissue

What are Mucous Membranes?

Line passageways that have external connections

What tracts are Mucous Membranes found in (DRUR)?

• Digestive

• Respiratory

• Urinary

• Reproductive

Describe Epithelial Surfaces

Moist to reduce friction + facilitate absorption & excretion

What is the Lamina Propria?

Areolar tissue

What do Serous Membranes do?

Line cavities not open to the outside

Describe Serous Membranes?

Thin but strong

What is the role of Fluid Transudate?

Reduce friction

What are Serosa?

Visceral portion covering organs

What are Pleura?

Lines pleural cavities, covers lungs

What are Peritoneum?

Lines peritoneal cavity, covers abdominal organs

What are Pericardium?

Lines pericardial cavity, covers heart

What are Cutaneous Membranes?

Thick, waterproof, dry skin

What are Synovial Membranes?

Lines moving, articulating joints cavities

What do Synovial Membranes do?

Produce synovial fluid which protects bone ends

Q: What is the term, meaning “cutting open,” that denotes the study of the structure of internal and external features of the body and how they relate to each other?

Anatomy

Q: The study of structures of the cardiovascular system is an example of?

Systemic Anatomy

Q: What general mechanism involved in homeostatic regulation occurs when a cell, tissue, organ, or organ system adjusts its activities automatically in response to an environmental stimulus?

Autoregulation

Q: In anatomical position, the head is __________ to the chest.

Superior

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Q: The specialized study that analyzes the structure of individual cells is called

Cytology

Q: The two regulatory systems in the human body are the __________.

Nervous and Endocrine

Q: When a person is lying face up in anatomical position, the individual is said to be __________.

Supine

Q: Moving along the surface of the skin from the wrist toward the elbow is an example of moving in a __________ direction.

Proximal