Kinesiology Midterm: Shoulder, Elbow, and Hand Anatomy

Clavicle

S-shaped bone, fractures at medial-lateral junction.

Scapula

Bone located at T2-T7 level, posteriorly positioned.

Glenoid Fossa

Socket for humeral head, facilitates shoulder movement.

Humerus

Bone of the upper arm, connects to shoulder joint.

Anatomical Neck

Attachment site for the shoulder joint capsule.

Surgical Neck

Common fracture site of the humerus.

Greater Tubercle

Attachment site for rotator cuff muscles.

Retroversion

20° posterior angle for shoulder stability.

Angle of Inclination

170° angle for optimal arm movement.

Sternoclavicular Joint

Most mobile joint, prone to anterior dislocation.

Acromioclavicular Joint

Plane joint with 3 degrees of freedom.

Glenohumeral Joint

Ball and socket joint, prone to instability.

Coracohumeral Ligament

Supports the glenohumeral joint stability.

Scapulothoracic Joint

Composite motion of SC and AC joints.

Scapulohumeral Rhythm

2:1 ratio of humerus to scapula movement.

Early Phase of Elevation

0-90°: SC elevation, AC upward rotation, GH abduction.

Late Phase of Elevation

90-180°: SC posterior rotation, AC upward rotation.

Bursae

Fluid-filled sacs reducing friction in shoulder.

Flexion

Movement paired with upward rotation and posterior tilting.

Extension

Movement paired with downward rotation and anterior tilting.

Abduction

Movement paired with upward rotation and posterior tilting.

Adduction

Movement paired with downward rotation and anterior tilting.

Serratus Anterior

Primary protractor muscle, known as 'boxer's muscle'.

Traps

Muscles involved in shoulder elevation and rotation.

Rhomboids

Muscles responsible for scapular retraction.

Pecs Minor

Muscle that aids in scapular protraction.

Levator Scapula

Muscle that elevates the scapula.

Rotator Cuff Muscles

Group stabilizing the glenohumeral joint.

Glenohumeral Stabilizers

Muscles maintaining stability of the shoulder joint.

Biceps Brachii

Muscle assisting in shoulder stabilization.

Deltoids

Muscles responsible for shoulder movement and stabilization.

Scapular Movements

Includes elevation, depression, protraction, and retraction.

GH Movements

Includes flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, IR, ER.

Serratus Anterior

Muscle preventing medial winging of the scapula.

Passive Stabilizers

Includes ligaments and joint capsules for stability.

Dynamic Stabilizers

Muscles actively maintaining joint stability during movement.

Force Couples

Synergistic muscle groups working together for movement.

Upward Rotation

Movement involving upper/lower traps and serratus anterior.

Downward Rotation

Movement involving rhomboids and levator scapulae.

External Rotation (ER)

Movement by infraspinatus and teres minor.

Internal Rotation (IR)

Movement by subscapularis and teres major.

Rotator Cuff Tears

Common injury in overhead athletes causing pain.

Impingement Syndrome

Compression of supraspinatus tendon under acromion.

Labral Injuries

Common in athletes, includes SLAP tears.

Crutch Palsy

Nerve compression from prolonged crutch use.

Cleidocranial Dystosis

Genetic condition causing absence of clavicle.

Elbow Articulation

Involves humerus, radius, and ulna joints.

Interosseous Membrane

Connects radius and ulna, transmits force.

Dorsal tubercle

Bony prominence on the posterior aspect of the wrist.

Ulna

Medial forearm bone, longer, stabilizing bone.

Olecranon process

Prominent bony tip of the elbow.

Coronoid process

Projection on the ulna, forms elbow joint.

Ulnar styloid process

Small bony projection at ulna's distal end.

Shaft

Long central part of the ulna.

Interosseous border

Edge of ulna for interosseous membrane attachment.

Trochlear notch

Cavity on ulna that articulates with humerus.

Radial notch

Area on ulna for radius head articulation.

Ulnar notch

Part of radius that articulates with ulna.

Cubital fossa

Triangular depression in front of the elbow.

Humeroulnar joint

Elbow joint between humerus and ulna.

Humeroradial joint

Elbow joint between humerus and radius.

Type of elbow joint

Hinge joint allowing flexion and extension.

Lateral collateral ligament

Stabilizes elbow, limits varus stress.

Medial collateral ligament

Limits valgus stress, prevents elbow subluxation.

Proximal Radioulnar Joint

Pivot joint for forearm rotation.

Distal Radioulnar Joint

Pivot joint at wrist for rotation.

Annular ligament

Surrounds radius head, stabilizes radioulnar joint.

Interosseous membrane

Connective tissue between radius and ulna.

Carrying angle

Angle between extended forearm and arm axis.

Biceps Brachii

Multi-joint muscle, strongest supinator at 90-110°.

Brachialis

Largest elbow flexor, one joint muscle.

Triceps Brachii

Two joint muscle, strongest elbow extensor.

Supinator

Muscle responsible for forearm supination.

Pronator teres

Muscle that pronates forearm.

Quadrate ligament

Limits radial head spinning, stabilizes joint.

Nursemaid's Elbow

Partial dislocation of radius in children.

Biceps Brachii

Stronger supinator than supinator muscle.

Ulnar Tilt

25° angle causing greater ulnar deviation.

Palmar Tilt

10° angle allowing more wrist flexion.

Scaphoid

Most commonly injured carpal bone.

Lunate

Most commonly dislocated carpal bone.

Pisiform

Smallest carpal bone, sesamoid bone.

Lister's Tubercle

Dorsal tubercle separating EPL and ECRB.

Radiocarpal Joint

Allows flexion/extension and radial/ulnar deviation.

Distal Radioulnar Joint (DRUJ)

Facilitates forearm rotation and supination.

Midcarpal Joint

Contributes 30° to wrist motion.

Carpometacarpal Joint

Joint at base of thumb.

Interphalangeal Joints

Two in digits 2-5, one in thumb.

Extrinsic Ligaments

Connect wrist to forearm structures.

Dorsal Metacarpal Ligament

Limits flexion at the metacarpals.

Radial Collateral Ligament

Limits ulnar deviation of the wrist.

Palmar Radiocarpal Ligament

Limits wrist extension.

Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex (TFCC)

Stabilizes distal radioulnar joint.

Palmar Intercarpal Ligament

Forms inverted V shape in wrist.

Deep Transverse Ligament

Prevents splay deformity of MCP bones.

Pollex

Thumb with three degrees of freedom.

Opposition

Movement combining abduction and flexion.

Longitudinal Arch

Arch with keystone between 2nd and 3rd fingers.

Compartment (Superficial)

Includes flexor carpi radialis, pollicis longus, flexor carpi ulnaris.

Intermediate Compartment

Contains flexor digitorum superficialis muscle.