A&P I LAB

What is the scientific method?

A systematic process used to investigate questions and test hypotheses.

What is an observation?

Information gathered through your senses or measurements.

What is a hypothesis?

A testable, falsifiable prediction or proposed explanation.

What is the independent variable?

The variable that the researcher changes or manipulates.

What is the dependent variable?

The variable that is measured or observed.

Easy way to remember independent vs. dependent variables?

 Independent = I change it. Dependent = I measure it.

What is the metric unit for length?

meter (m)

What is the metric unit commonly used for mass?

Gram (g)

What is the metric unit for volume?

 Liter (L)

What unit is commonly used for temperature?

 Degrees Celsius (°C)

What is the SI base unit for amount of substance?

 Mole (mol).

What does kilo- mean?

1,000 = 10³.

What does centi- mean?

1/100 = 0.01 = 10⁻²

 What does milli- mean?

1/1,000 = 0.001 = 10⁻³

What does micro- mean?

1/1,000,000 = 0.000001 = 10⁻⁶

What does nano- mean?

1/1,000,000,000 = 10⁻⁹

1 meter equals how many centimeters?

 100 cm

1 meter equals how many millimeters?

1,000 mm

 1 centimeter equals how many millimeters?

10 mm

1 liter equals how many milliliters?

1,000 mL

1 gram equals how many milligrams?

1,000 mg

 How do you convert meters to centimeters?

Multiply by 100

How do you convert milligrams to grams?

Divide by 1,000

How do you convert meters to centimeters?

Multiply by 100

How do you convert milligrams to grams?

Divide by 1,000

What is scientific notation?

A way of writing very large or very small numbers using a number between 1 and 10 multiplied by a power of 10.

How do you write 5,000 in scientific notation?

5 × 10³

How do you write 0.004 in scientific notation?

 4 × 10⁻³

What kind of exponent is used for large numbers?

Positive

What kind of exponent is used for numbers smaller than 1?

Negative

What is anatomical position?

Standing upright, facing forward, arms at the sides, palms facing forward, and feet facing forward.

Why is anatomical position important?

It provides a standard reference for describing locations on the body.

What does superior mean?

Toward the head or upper part of the body.

What does inferior mean?

Toward the feet or lower part of the body.

What does anterior mean?

 Toward the front of the body.

What does posterior mean?

Toward the back of the body.

What does medial mean?

Toward the midline of the body.

What does lateral mean?

Away from the midline of the body.

What does proximal mean?

Closer to the point of attachment of a limb.

What does distal mean?

Farther from the point of attachment of a limb.

What does superficial mean?

Closer to the body's surface

What does deep mean?

Farther from the body's surface

Superior ↔

 Inferior

Anterior ↔

Posterior

Medial ↔

Lateral

 Proximal ↔

Distal

Superficial ↔

Deep

What does the sagittal plane divide?

 The body into left and right portions.

What does the midsagittal plane divide?

The body into equal left and right halves

What does the frontal/coronal plane divide?

The body into anterior and posterior portions.

What does the transverse plane divide?

The body into superior and inferior portions.

Sagittal

Left/Right

Frontal

Front/Back

Transverse

Top/Bottom

 What are the two major body cavities?

Dorsal and ventral.

What does the dorsal body cavity contain?

The cranial and vertebral cavities.

What does the ventral body cavity contain?

The thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

What does the cranial cavity contain?

the brain

What does the vertebral cavity contain?

The spinal cord.

What does the thoracic cavity contain?

The heart and lungs, along with other structures

What does the pleural cavity contain?

A lung

What does the pericardial cavity contain?

The heart.

What is the mediastinum?

The central region of the thoracic cavity between the lungs.

 What does the abdominal cavity contain?

Many digestive organs, including the stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, intestines, and pancreas.

What does the pelvic cavity contain?

The urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs, and rectum.

What organ pumps blood throughout the body?

Heart

 What organs are responsible for gas exchange?

Lungs

What is the largest internal organ?

Liver

 What organ stores and mixes food?

Stomach

What organ stores bile?

 Gallbladder.

What organ produces bile?

Liver

What organ is associated with insulin production and digestion?

Pancreas

 What organ is located in the LUQ and is part of the lymphatic/immune system?

Spleen

What organs filter blood and produce urine?

Kidneys

What are the four abdominal quadrants?

RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ

What does RUQ stand for?

Right Upper Quadrant.

What major organs are in the RUQ?

Liver and gallbladder, among other structures.

What major organs are in the LUQ?

Stomach and spleen, among other structures.

What is a major structure associated with the RLQ?

Appendix.

What major structures are associated with the LLQ?

Descending and sigmoid colon.

How many abdominal regions are there?

Nine

What are the three superior abdominal regions?

Right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac.

What are the three middle abdominal regions?

Right lumbar, umbilical, left lumbar.

What are the three inferior abdominal regions?

Right iliac/inguinal, hypogastric/pubic, left iliac/inguinal.

What is the center region of the abdomen?

Umbilical region

 What is the ocular lens?

The eyepiece you look through.

What do objective lenses do?

Magnify the specimen.

What does the revolving nosepiece do?

Holds the objective lenses and allows you to switch between them.

What is the stage?

The platform where the slide is placed.

What do stage clips do?

Hold the slide in place.

What does the diaphragm do?

Controls the amount of light passing through the specimen.

What does the condenser do?

Focuses light onto the specimen.

What does the illuminator do?

Provides light.

Provides light.

Makes large focusing adjustments.

 What does the fine adjustment knob do?

Makes small adjustments to sharpen the image.

What is the arm used for?

Supports the microscope and helps when carrying it.

What does the base do?

Supports the microscope.

Which objective should you generally start with?

The lowest-power objective.

What should you use to clean microscope lenses?

Lens paper

Should you touch microscope lenses with your fingers?

no