BIO 80 Exam 2

Species

Group of populations that can inbreed and produce viable fertile offspring

monophyletic

Grouping that includes 1 ancestor and its decendants

Polyphyletic

Grouping of descendants what come from a common ancestor (but not the ancestor themselves)

Paraphyletic

Grouping of Some (not all) decendants

Phenetics

classification method that groups organisms based on overall similarity in observable traits

Phylogeny

The study of evolutionary relatedness among groups

taxonomy

System of Naming and clasifying organisms

Donald Kills people coming from greater Syria + subspecies

Gause’s Principle

No two species can make use of the same niche in one habitat

• if they do one or both will not be able to survive

Direct competition

When organisms physically interact (fighting) for resources (harms both)

Indirect (exploitative) Competition

Struggle for common resources due to resources being used (passive) (benefits one harms another)

intraspecific competition

between A species 

population

The amount of a certain species in one area

Biotic Potential

Max reproduction capacity in a population without environmental resistance

Environmental resistance

Ecological features that halt/ minimize reproduction

Density dependent

influence that impacts population size an a result of the density of a population

• Such as: less resources due to high population levels. 

• Biological

Density Independent

influence that impacts population growth not dependent on the Populus

• Environmental

• such as natural disasters

Carrying Capacity

The max amount of individuals an environment is able to carry for a prolonged period of time

S shaped curve

Logistic

J shaped curve

Exponential

Lag phase

initial phase

Acceleration and Deceleration phase

rapid growth followed by it slowing down

Equilibrium stage

Nearing Max capacity

Maximum stationary phase

When Organisms can survive but not reproduce

Crash phase

decline

Allele/gene frequency

Numeric rate of which a gene occurs in a group of gene pairs

Genetic drift

the change in frequency do to an event (migration ect)

Gene flow

The movement of genes from one population from another

Environmental selection

The favorability of certain traits leading to higher rates of survival (survival of the fittest)

Mutation

a permanent change in an organism's DNA

Evolutionary fitness

The ability for an organism/alleles to survive and reproduce in comparison to organisms of similar species.

Evolution

A change in genes over a period of time

Biological species concept 

Group of organisms that can produce viable offspring w/ one another

Morphological species concept 

Classification of species bas on anatomical similarities

ecological species concept 

Classification or organisms that share a set niche

Allopatric speciation

Speciation in two separate areas

Parapatric speciation

Speciation that occurs in two adjacent regions

sympatric speciation

Organisms w/ the same ancestor diverge into two species despite having no mating barriers.

Antheridia

Spore/sperm producing

archegonia

Egg bareing,

Leaves

flat structure 

gemma cups

Cups on liverworts- for reproduction; haploid cells in the cups that get dispersed by water.

gemmae

Haploid cells within liverwort cups that are moved around via water

lignin

microphylls

megaphylls

phloem

Rhizoid

Rhizome

Roots

Sori

Sporophylls

Stem

Stomata

Strobilus

Tracheids

Vascular Bundle

Waxy Cuticle

waxy layer around epidermis to retain water

Xylem

Dioecious

Male and female reproductive systems are on different bodies

Evapotranspiration

Upward movement of water (in plants)

Monoecious

Male and female reproductive systems are on the same body

Spore

Syngamy

The fertilization of zygotes

Zygote

time period when plants began to colonize terrestrial environments.

about 500 million years ago

Terrestrial adaptations of Bryophytes

Terrestrial adaptations of ferns

Terrestrial adaptations of gymnosperms

Terrestrial adaptations of angiosperms

nutrients for seed

Food store

True endosperm

pericarp

conifer adaptations to cold

Dicots

Flower petals in multiples of 4 or 5

● Branching/net-like vascular system/ leaf veins leaves

Cotyledon Count:2

● A tap root (usually

Monocots

Flower petals in multiples of 3

Cotyledon Count: 1

Parallel vascular system/viens

● A fibrous root ball

protective coating

Seed coat

Embryo

Petal(singular)/ Corolla(Multiple)

Ovary

anther

filament

Pistil/carpal

receptical

sepal (singular)/ Calyx (both)

Stigma

Style

Interspecific Competition

Between two differing species

Describe the five conditions that must be met for a population to undergo no change in the frequency 1)

No random events that eliminate alelles

Describe the five conditions that must be met for a population to undergo no change in the frequency 2)

No movement(migration) in or out of a population

Describe the five conditions that must be met for a population to undergo no change in the frequency 3)

no reproductive or survival advantages

Describe the five conditions that must be met for a population to undergo no change in the frequency 4)

All mating must be random (mates can not be selected)

Describe the five conditions that must be met for a population to undergo no change in the frequency 5)

No mutations can occur

Pattern of natural selection likely to lead to biological speciation.

Disruptive

stabilizing

Disruptive

directional

Angiosperm

Have: xylem, phloem, roots, stems, megaphylls, flowers, fruits, seeds

Bryophytes/ Mosses

Have: embryo retention, waxy cuticle, stomata, rhizoids, simple leaves
Do NOT have: xylem, phloem, roots, seeds, flowers, fruits

Lycophytes

Have: xylem, phloem, roots, microphylls, stems, sporophylls
Do NOT have: seeds, flowers, fruits

Ferns

Have: xylem, phloem, roots, megaphylls, sori, rhizomes, sporophylls
Do NOT have: seeds, flowers, fruits