Family & Society - Chapter 2: The Family in History (Cohen)

Examples of how the way people live in families has changed dramatically over time:

- humans' increased longevity over time is largely the result of standard of living

- people have fewer children

- family members perform fewer functional tasks at home

- in recent decades, families have become more diverse

Archaeologists' discovery of the ______________ ______ family burials in Europe shows how different family arrangements were honored, not just the nuclear family

Stone Age

Patriarchy

the pervasive element of the European and American society in which men controlled all property and had control over women and children

Monogamy

the marriage of one person to one other person

Polygamy

one person has several spouses (usually the man)

Matrilineal

a type of family in which people are considered descendants of their mothers

Heterogamy

marriage between a man and a woman

Homogamy

marriage between two people of the same sex

Patriarchal

power wielded by the men

Matriarchal

power wielded by the women

American Indian Families (Before 1820)

- respect for elders

- reliance on extended families

- reliance on networks

- focus on matrilineal descent

- most practice monogamous marriage

- divorce was more common compared to Europeans

Colonial American Families (Before 1820)

- most powerful group in early US

- enforced cultural standards

- nuclear families

- marriage considered a practical arrangement considered necessary for civilization, not a source of love and affection

- patriarchal relationship

- coverture (aka Doctrine of Coverture)

- women were men's property

- government inserted into family matters

Coverture (aka Doctrine of Coverture)

a legal doctrine that lasted until the late 19th century, under which wives were incorporated into their husbands citizenship

Respect for elders, reliance on extended family networks, and matrilineal descent are characteristics of which early American groups?

a. Native Americans

b. African Americans

c. European colonists

d. Asian Americans

Native Americans

Which of the following represents the distant role of government in family matters during colonial times?

a. Christian doctrine in family matters

b. stem family

c. heterogamy

d. dowry

Christian doctrine in family matters

Children and Families Before 1820

- Were not considered innocent

- Controlled through strict discipline and hard work mainly due to religious beliefs

- Extended families were heavily relied on but did not always live together

- Stem family

Stem Family

The household formed by onegrown child remaining in thefamily home with parent

African-American Families (Before 1820)

- Slaves feared the loss of their children as they were told the children were the property of the slave owner

- Constant fear of child being ripped from their hands

- However, most enslaved children did live with both parents

- It is difficult for historians to know which aspects of family life among enslaved Africans were African tradition, because language and customs were suppressed

In the early United States, most enslaved children lived with:

a. grandparents

b. unrelated adults

c. one parent

d. both parents

both parents

A period of rapid change brought about by democracy and industrialism created a ________________ backlash in the 19th century

conservative

In the 19th century, mate selection became less a matter of economics and status and more an ___________ endeavor

emotional

Children and Families from 1820-1900

- During the 19th century, children were seen as fundamentally innocent

- Emotional bonds began between children and parents

- Children more often had their own space/rooms

- Children's individuality emerged

During the nineteenth century, how did the idea of childhood change?

a. Childhood came to be understood from the Calvinist notion that children harbored evil spirits that needed to be crushed

b. Fathers were more likely to rule the household as authorities due to their newfound power in the workplace

c. Children were seen as fundamentally innocent

d. Conformity was emphasized, leaving little room for individuality

children were seen as fundamentally innocent

Separate Spheres

the cultural doctrine under which women were to work at home, to make it a sanctuary from the industrial world in which their husbands worked for pay

Industrialism and separate spheres increased _______________ inequality.

economic

In the 19th Century, government authority expanded into the family life by regulating ___________ and __________, and required women to be faithful to their husbands.

marriage and citizenship

Comstock Act of 1873

banned the shipment of 'obscene' materials in the U.S. mail

Most prevalent from of marriage throughout human history is _______________.

polygamy

In a male-dominated wage economy, _________ and ____________ were commonly aided by an emerging welfare system.

orphans and widows

African-American Families in the late 19th century had greater ________ equality.

gender

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

law that cut off new immigration from China; resulted in unmarried Chinese men and separated families

Mexican-Americans gained citizenship after U.S. won the _______________ ___ in 1848.

Mexican-American War

In the early 1900's reasons for marriage began to change; this cultural shift is called the _____________ _____ ______________

Institution of Companionship

Companionship Family

an ideal type of family characterized by the mutual affection, equality, and comradeship of its members; consists of two parents and their children

The idealized "traditional" nuclear family (male breadwinner and female homemaker) was most common during the beginning of the mid ___ ______________

20th century

Patriarchal Family

a family structure in which authority is held by the father

Family Wage

the amount necessary for a male warner to provide subsistence for his wife and children; promoted stability and homeownership (Ford Motor introduced "$5 day" in 1914)

A family consisting of two parents and their children, whose priorities are personal fulfillment and common affection, would be considered a:

a. modern family

b. companionship family

c. traditional family

d. patriarchal family.

companionship family

Family wage is considered:

a. the annual income a family makes

b. the increase in available resources for those who are married over singlehood

c. the wage necessary for a family to survive with two adults working

d. the amount necessary for a male earner to provide subsistence for his wife and children

the amount necessary for a male earner to provide subsistence for his wife and children

Baby Boom

the period of high birthrates in the U.S. between 1946 and 1964

For white families in the 19th century, the reason for a dramatic decrease in the number of children born was learning how to __________ _____________

prevent pregnancy

Why did family patterns change so dramatically from the 1950's ideal?

- growth of modern services or labor-saving devices

- women left home for paid work

- growing welfare support made marriage less necessary

- did not have to fully depend on men

After the 1950's, ________ ___________ households dropped dramatically.

married couple

19th Amendment

Amendment to the U.S. Constitution on August 19th, 1920; extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections

After the 1950s, increasing physical separation of families heightened the personal value of __________________.

independence

The development of love-based marriages and the expectations of mutuality and affection within the family now implies ______________ as well.

independence

(White) women formally achieved the right to vote with the passage of the:

a. Nineteenth Amendment

b. Civil Rights Act

c. Voting Rights Act

d. Fifteenth Amendment

Nineteenth Amendment

Although multigenerational living has in general become less common, some grandparents have grown ____________ closer.

emotionally

Modern Grandparenting

Grandparents are doing more direct caregiving (especially in poor families)

The Sandwich Generation

many women find themselves caring for both adolescent children and elderly parents

Middle-class and affluent families were the first to develop an emphasis on ___________ _______ in family life, because they had less need to consider the economic impact of mate selection.

emotional bonds

Before the 1970s, it was rare for American women not to assume the family surname of their _________________.

husband

In recent years, only ____% of married women over age 60 have surnames that differ from their husbands.

3%

The increasing diversity of ________ practices is indicative of personal freedom.

naming

In the early 20th century, a new generation of independent, employed young adults came of age in rapidly growing ____________ _____________.

industrial cities

Today, young singles (mainly women) are increasingly drawn to _________.

cities

The dense social life allows for people to use _____________ apps.

hookup