Science Test 4

Pools and riffles located in the Mequon Nature Preserve creek were naturally created by rock falls and other earth movements many years ago.

false

What is subduction?

compression of plates

The Mequon Nature Preserve is a prime spawning ecosystem for the Northern Pike.

true

One of the benefits of a slow-moving stream is that it helps catch sediment before it makes its way to Lake Michigan.

true

The prairie located at Mequon Nature Preserve is very diverse, with lots of species of grasses along with a wide variety of permanent, large trees.

false

Which planet is closest in size to Jupiter?

Saturn

Darwin didn’t know about this key mechanism that Dobzhansky included in his Neo-Darwinism theory.

mutation of DNA

What is Pyroclastic flow?

gases from a volcano that kills

Prairie grasses have very deep roots, some of which can grow up to 14 feet long.

true

The largest biomass located in the prairie ecosystem is composed of a variety and volume of insects.

true

Believe it or not, the Mequon Nature Preserve actually starts fires on their property with the purpose of clearing off living plants from the prairie property.

true

The wetlands do NOT have a permanent supply of water and pretty much disappear every summer.

false

The “mud chimneys” found in the Mequon Nature Preserve wetlands are the home for a wide variety of snakes such as the common garter and ringneck.

false - crayfish are typically found in these mud chimneys.

Wetlands serve as flood control as they suck up the water from the surrounding area

true

What are the three stresses caused by different types of boundaries?

tension/pull, compression, shear

Plate tectonics come together at ______.

boundaries

What is the order of the functional layers?

lithosphere, asthenosphere, lower mantle, outer core, inner core

What do the stresses lead to?

folds (syncline/sink, anticline/arch), faults (strike-slip, normal, reverse), joints (crack)

What is the difference between lava and magma?

lava is what is released, and magma is underground

What landforms are created from these stresses?

earthquakes and volcanoes

One of the unique species that can be found in the Mequon Nature Preserve wetlands is the Sandhill Crane.

true

The ephemeral pond is full of wildlife, such as frogs, turtles, and a wide variety of fish, such as trout and bass

false due to its temporary nature and seasonal fluctuations.

One of the largest terrestrial reptiles in Wisconsin, found in Mequon Nature Preserve, is the Tiger Salamander.

false

The Tiger Salamander is called an “indicator species” because, by absorbing pollutants through its skin, it can demonstrate the health of an ecosystem.

true

The Mequon Nature Preserve “woods” is very diverse and contains over 400 species of organisms.

true

One of the unique species located in the Mequon Nature Preserve ‘woods’ is the Leatherwood plant from which the Native Americans made fishing line and bow strings.

true

Biotic (living) groups of organisms interacting with abiotic (nonliving) factors such as sunlight and water creates an…

an ecosystem

Most inclusive taxon listed, genus species, phylum, class, genus

Phlylum

For the majority of cases, different species can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

false

A spore is pretty much the same thing and just another name for a seed.

false

Most of the time, ecologists study the anatomy and physiology of the organisms in a specific community.

false - Ecologists focus on interactions between organisms and their environment.

Which of the following does not belong with the others: biotic, moisture, sunlight, pH, temperature?

biotic

Which of the following does not belong with the others: carnivore, herbivore, producer, omnivore, decomposer?

producer because it does not consume other organisms.

What part of the Earth creates a magnetic field?

outer core

What is the upper core composed of?

iron and nickel

Energy can be created but NOT destroyed.

false - energy cannot created or destroyed

Matter flows through an ecosystem while energy is recycled.

false - Energy flows through an ecosystem while matter is recycled.

The triangle or pyramid shape of the trophic levels in an ecosystem is a visual demonstration of how the 2 Laws of Thermodynamics impact the structure of ecosystems.

True

Heterotrophs are the most important group of organisms in an ecosystem because they are the link to the acquisition of nutrients and the flow of energy.

false

Detritivores and decomposers play a similar role in ecosystems as recyclers of nutrients.

true

Those who view the world through a Naturalism lens believe that there is no purpose or design in the universe and that the world is the only reality.

true

Everyone who views the world through a Supernaturalism lens (like Dr. Saleska) would believe in Theistic evolution.

false

One of the main driving forces behind macroevolution is mutation which supposedly increases the complexity of living things.

true

Creationists can accept microevolution which leads to the diversity of the species in the world today.

true

The official position of the Roman Catholic church is that God created the world in 6 (24 hour) days.

false

The study of creation and evolution is BEST described as…

Historical science

The primary source/cause of variation which is necessary for today’s modern evolutionary theory is…

mutation

What type of boundary is the first example?

divergent (pulling apart)

What type of boundary is the second example?

convergent (crashing together)

What type of boundary is the third example?

transform (slide past each other)

What happens when massive tectonic plates move?

stresses: compression, tension, shearing

One result of plate movements:

folds (bends in layer rock)

For the most part, artificial selection is a very good comparative model to demonstrate the effectiveness of natural selection.

false

Through artificial selection, scientists can create new species which are very different than the species they started with.

false

When examining fossils from a Supernaturalist perspective, the record shows very few transitional fossils appear and disappear suddenly, not gradually

true

Who was the first person to theorize that human populations will increase faster than the food supply if we don’t force limits on family size where might be world wars and/or conflicts?

Malthus

Which theory (developed by Dobzhansky) improved on and/or updated Darwinism by incorporating mutation, genetics, natural selection, and population studies into evolution?

Neo-Darwinism

What flows through ecosystems and cannot be recycled?

energy

What is recyclable in an ecosystem?

matter

What is the key to sustaining life on Earth?

recycling of matter

What are the two basic types of science?

inductive science and historical science

What are the characteristics of Inductive science?

• studies reoccurring processes

• it’s a search for laws and patterns

• it’s predictive

• answers how nature functions normally

• known as experimental

What are the characteristics of historical science?

• studies origins (beginnings)

• seeks to understand past causes and events

• no predictive goals

• Studies one-time events and can never really be answered since no one can go back in time

Examples of historical sciences…

1. archaeology

2. forensic science

3. paleontology

Characteristics of a Creationist/Super Naturalism…

1. young Earth

2. God’s hand

3. Natural selection is okay

4. Intelligent design okay

5. Microevolution okay

Characteristics of Naturalism/Evolution…

1. Macro/Naturalism/Neo-Darwin

2. No God/chance

3. Natural selection okay

4. Mutation causes big changes

5. Microevolution leads to Macroevolution

Are Macro/Naturalism/Neo-Darwinism the same thing?

YES

Characteristics of Theistic…

1. God controls Macroevolution

2. old Earth

3. Natural selection okay

4. creation - NOT the Biblical account

5. God controls intelligent design over time

What are the two major Christian problems with conventional macroevolution?

1. puts death before sin instead of after man’s fall

2. denies the special creation of man

What religion believes in Theistic evolution?

Roman Catholic

Who came up with the Theory of Evolution?

Thomas Malthus

What did Malthus and Darwin agree upon?

natural selection is the survival of the fittest

What is artificial selection?

the identification by humans of desirable traits in plants and animals, and the steps taken to enhance and perpetuate those trains in future generations.

What is the difference between artificial selection and natural selection?

natural is influenced by nature whereas artificial is influenced by human interference (humans select the fittest species)

About 50 years after Mathus, who followed up on Malthus’s Theory of Evolution?

Charles Darwin

What did Charles Darwin state in his book On the Origin of Species?

1. organisms will overpopulate an area and compete for limited resources (water and food)

2. naturally occurring variation among competing individuals

3. the strongest will survive the struggle to survive, and a new species will appear with gradual change over time

Who integrated Mendel and Darwin’s work and what did he call it?

Dobzhansky and Neo-Darwinism

What three ideas support Neo-Darwinism?

Mendelian genetics, mutation, population genetics

What are Mendelian genetics?

genes and chromosome theory used instead of just natural selection to support evolution

What is much better than natural selection?

mutation

What do and do not evolve according to Dobzhansky?

Populations and not individuals

What is Neo-Darwinism caused by?

mutations, natural selection, migration, change events

What does Neo-Darwinism support?

organism best adapted to a given environment will most likely survive to reproductive age and have offspring that pass down favorable genes

Neo-Darwinism leads to changes in the _____ of certain genes in the population’s ______.

frequency, gene pool

Neo-Darwinism is known as what type of worldview?

Naturalistic/microevolution

Artificial selection is a poor model of…

natural selection

What does artificial selection require?

human knowledge (between horse breeds)

What can artificial selection cause in organisms?

seedless fruits, short/crooked-leg sheep

Natural selection is…

conservative force that prevents or eliminates extreme variation

Why does the existence of living fossils not support the argument of macroevolution?

These species illustrate stasis (no change over time) and not gradual evolution EX: moss, fern, bat, alligator

How does a creationist support fossils?

Noah’s flood

Most mutations are…

harmful or lethal

Are mutations the source of genetic variation?

No

What is Antibiotic resistance in bacteria?

simple lateral gene transfer during conjugation (transfer genetic material)

What three roles does natural selection actually do in nature?

1. eliminates damaging genes

2. allows populations to adapt to change

3. forms new species in isolated populations

What do creationists not all agree upon?

Young Earth: consecutive days and 24-hour days

Old Earth: Day-age theory and Gap theory

The supernaturalism/creationism worldview believes that God supernaturally created ___, distinct ___ of life.

separate, kinds

According to supernaturalism/creationism what can only produce new species within kinds?

microevolution

Change only occurs within a…

kind

Creation doesn’t require an _____.

increase in complexity (new organs or new information)