PREFINAL - Research
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263 Terms
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Research
Is a **process of asking questions** and answering them by **collecting and analyzing data**.
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Data
can be converted into **numbers, words or images.**
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quantitative data
When data are **numbers** (or the information collected is transformed into numerical scales), we are conducting research with ________
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qualitative data
When the data collected are **words or images** (not transformed into numerical scales), we conduct research with
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quantitative research
In ____________, data to answer the research question are **numbers**
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qualitative research
In ____________,the data collected are **words or images** that are not synthesized in numbers.
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Quantitative method
**Quantitative method or Qualitative method**
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Based on the positivism logical that seeks to find laws that explain the reality
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Based on the positivism logical that seeks to find laws that explain the reality
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Quantitative method
**Quantitative method or Qualitative method**
Directed to measurable and quantifiable data
Directed to measurable and quantifiable data
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Quantitative method
**Quantitative method or Qualitative method**
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Usually employed for explanation purposes
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Usually employed for explanation purposes
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Quantitative method
**Quantitative method or Qualitative method**
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Search relationships between phenomena
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Search relationships between phenomena
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Quantitative method
**Quantitative method or Qualitative method**
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Focused on the outcomes
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Focused on the outcomes
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Quantitative method
**Quantitative method or Qualitative method**
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If the study is based on representative samples, results are generalizable to the population. Allow making inferences
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If the study is based on representative samples, results are generalizable to the population. Allow making inferences
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Quantitative method
**Quantitative method or Qualitative method**
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Work with many cases
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Work with many cases
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Quantitative method
**Quantitative method or Qualitative method**
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Statistical analysis
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Statistical analysis
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Quantitative method
**Quantitative method or Qualitative method**
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Identification of trends, comparison of groups, relationships between variables
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Identification of trends, comparison of groups, relationships between variables
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Quantitative method
**Quantitative method or Qualitative method**
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Numerical data
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Numerical data
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Qualitative method
**Quantitative method or Qualitative method**
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Based on phenomenology that aims to understand in depth the point of view of others
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Based on phenomenology that aims to understand in depth the point of view of others
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Qualitative method
**Quantitative method or Qualitative method**
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Directed to the experiences of the participants
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Directed to the experiences of the participants
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Qualitative method
**Quantitative method or Qualitative method**
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Usually employed for comprehension purposes
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Usually employed for comprehension purposes
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Qualitative method
**Quantitative method or Qualitative method**
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Search the depth understanding of phenomena
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Search the depth understanding of phenomena
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Qualitative method
**Quantitative method or Qualitative method**
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Focused on the process
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Focused on the process
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Qualitative method
**Quantitative method or Qualitative method**
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Research results are not generalizable to the population, although they are transferable
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Research results are not generalizable to the population, although they are transferable
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Qualitative method
**Quantitative method or Qualitative method**
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Work with few cases
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Work with few cases
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Qualitative method
**Quantitative method or Qualitative method**
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Content analysis Identification of categories and description of themes
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Content analysis Identification of categories and description of themes
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Qualitative method
**Quantitative method or Qualitative method**
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Data in words or images
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Data in words or images
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TRUE
True or False
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Despite these **distinctions and features** between quantitative and qualitative method**, both approaches are usually combined and integrated.**
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Despite these **distinctions and features** between quantitative and qualitative method**, both approaches are usually combined and integrated.**
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mixed methods
The combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods is called ______.
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research techniques
The ___________-- are the tools to collect data
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1. research-based drama
2. Process tracing
3. Repertory Grid
4. Delphi method
5. Qualitative comparative analysis
Research Technique of Mixed Research
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1. Life History
2. discussion/focus group
3. Situational analysis
4. Participant observation
5. Content/discourse analysis
6. Ethnography
7. In-depth interviews
8. Free association
Research Technique of Qualitative Research
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1. Orbital decomposition
2. Surveys
3. Network analysis
Research Technique of Quantitative Research
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research problem
A _________ is a **definite or clear expression statement** about an area of concern, a **condition to be improved** upon, a difficulty to be **eliminated, or a troubling question** that exists in scholarly literature, in theory, or within existing practice that **points to a need** for m**eaningful understanding and deliberate investigation**
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research problem
The _________ is what **we already know**
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research question
The ______________ is what **we want to know** or find out about the problem.
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True
true or false
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The research problem and the research question **interact** throughout this initial phase u**ntil we can define and delimit** the problem, and then until we manage to formulate the research question.
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The research problem and the research question **interact** throughout this initial phase u**ntil we can define and delimit** the problem, and then until we manage to formulate the research question.
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PPPECCS
1. points of view
2. prejudices
3. possible consequences,
4. experiences
5. context
6. causal factors
7. suggestive theories.
1. points of view
2. prejudices
3. possible consequences,
4. experiences
5. context
6. causal factors
7. suggestive theories.
ENUMERATION
Problems are identified through analysis of actors involved ?
Problems are identified through analysis of actors involved ?
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VIDCL
1. videos
2. Images
3. direct observation of the situation
4. conversations with people involved with experts
5. literature review
1. videos
2. Images
3. direct observation of the situation
4. conversations with people involved with experts
5. literature review
ENUMERATION
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Useful in this description are _____________ on the situation.
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Useful in this description are _____________ on the situation.
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CRAPTBI
1. Conceptual delimitation
2. Relevance of the problem
3. Applications
4. Physical-geographical delimitation
5. Temporal delimitation
6. Background
7. Interrogative formulation
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1. Conceptual delimitation
2. Relevance of the problem
3. Applications
4. Physical-geographical delimitation
5. Temporal delimitation
6. Background
7. Interrogative formulation
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ENUMERATION'
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In this second step, we must choose one of the problems identified in the situation and d**efine seven aspects of this problem**
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In this second step, we must choose one of the problems identified in the situation and d**efine seven aspects of this problem**
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Conceptual delimitation
7 ASPECTS (CRAPTBI)
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Define the problem in a **concise** way.
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Define the problem in a **concise** way.
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Conceptual delimitation
7 ASPECTS (CRAPTBI)
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How this **problem is usually named** in the literature
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How this **problem is usually named** in the literature
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Conceptual delimitation
7 ASPECTS (CRAPTBI)
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How this **problem is defined** in other studies
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How this **problem is defined** in other studies
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Conceptual delimitation
7 ASPECTS (CRAPTBI)
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In this way we define **what to research.**
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In this way we define **what to research.**
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Conceptual delimitation
7 ASPECTS (CRAPTBI)
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For example, if we are interest in **people living in the streets**, we must be aware that this problem is named homelessness, and we must define this concept on basis of previous studies.
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For example, if we are interest in **people living in the streets**, we must be aware that this problem is named homelessness, and we must define this concept on basis of previous studies.
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Relevance of the problem
7 ASPECTS (CRAPTBI)
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Why this problem is important to investigate.
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Why this problem is important to investigate.
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Relevance of the problem
7 ASPECTS (CRAPTBI)
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In this way we aim to define **why to conduct research** on this problem
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In this way we aim to define **why to conduct research** on this problem
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Applications
7 ASPECTS (CRAPTBI)
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•What are possible practical, theoretical, and academic uses of the research.
•We have to answer this queries: • What are the impacts of increasing knowledge of this problem? • To what fields or areas would increasing knowledge of this problem contribute?
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•What are possible practical, theoretical, and academic uses of the research.
•We have to answer this queries: • What are the impacts of increasing knowledge of this problem? • To what fields or areas would increasing knowledge of this problem contribute?
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Applications
7 ASPECTS (CRAPTBI)
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In this way it is possible to define the what for.
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In this way it is possible to define the what for.
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Physical-geographical delimitation
7 ASPECTS (CRAPTBI)
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•It is necessary to expose:
•Where this problem occurs or occurred.
•Where will the problem be studied?
• The problem can happen in many places, but we must clarify why we are interested in that place
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•It is necessary to expose:
•Where this problem occurs or occurred.
•Where will the problem be studied?
• The problem can happen in many places, but we must clarify why we are interested in that place
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Physical-geographical delimitation
7 ASPECTS (CRAPTBI)
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•In this way it is delimited where the problem happens and is studied
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•In this way it is delimited where the problem happens and is studied
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Temporal delimitation
7 ASPECTS (CRAPTBI)
It is possible to show when this problem occurs, and also at what moment, stage or years it is interesting to investigate it
It is possible to show when this problem occurs, and also at what moment, stage or years it is interesting to investigate it
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Temporal delimitation
7 ASPECTS (CRAPTBI)
The problem can happen over time or be eternal, but we must point out why we are interested in that time or specific years.
The problem can happen over time or be eternal, but we must point out why we are interested in that time or specific years.
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Temporal delimitation
7 ASPECTS (CRAPTBI)
In this way, we delimit when the problem happens and is studied
In this way, we delimit when the problem happens and is studied
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Background
7 ASPECTS (CRAPTBI)
• This aspect refers to previous studies on the problem
• This aspect refers to previous studies on the problem
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Background
7 ASPECTS (CRAPTBI)
We have to expose:
• What is known about this problem and what is not known?
• How it has been investigated: data, methods?
• What debates are on this problem in the literature?
We have to expose:
• What is known about this problem and what is not known?
• How it has been investigated: data, methods?
• What debates are on this problem in the literature?
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Background
7 ASPECTS (CRAPTBI)
We, thus, identify what is not yet known about this problem and define what can be the contribution of our research and the lack that will cover.
We, thus, identify what is not yet known about this problem and define what can be the contribution of our research and the lack that will cover.
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Interrogative formulation
7 ASPECTS (CRAPTBI)
We must question the problem about the causes, consequences, possible solutions, and comparisons with other places or other moments of time.
We must question the problem about the causes, consequences, possible solutions, and comparisons with other places or other moments of time.
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Interrogative formulation
7 ASPECTS (CRAPTBI)
Thus, we define what we want to find out.
Thus, we define what we want to find out.
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Interrogative formulation
7 ASPECTS (CRAPTBI)
This aspect is a way to formulate possible research questions.
This aspect is a way to formulate possible research questions.
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CRCS
1. Concise: the problem must be very clearly posed and stated, and easily understandable.
2. Relevant: although importance of the problem can be very relative and subjective, the problem must be presented so that it is worth investing resources to investigate it
3. Contextualized: the problem must be delimited in geographical space, time and background.
4. Specific: it is recommended that the research problem be something concrete since research must be achievable
1. Concise: the problem must be very clearly posed and stated, and easily understandable.
2. Relevant: although importance of the problem can be very relative and subjective, the problem must be presented so that it is worth investing resources to investigate it
3. Contextualized: the problem must be delimited in geographical space, time and background.
4. Specific: it is recommended that the research problem be something concrete since research must be achievable
ENUMERATION
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How to know if the problem is well defined and delimited
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How to know if the problem is well defined and delimited
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Concise
the problem must be **very clearly posed** and **stated, and easily understandable**.
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Relevant
although importance of the problem can be very relative and subjective, the problem must be **presented** so that it is **worth investing** resources to investigate it
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Contextualized
the problem must be delimited in geographical **space, time and background.**
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Specific
it is recommended that the research problem be something **concrete** since research must be **achievable**
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research question
The________ is the goal that we aim to answer, and the guide during the entire research process.
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research question
We cannot start to write or prepare a research proposal or research project if we have not formulated a .______________
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TRUE
T OR F
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We cannot choose techniques, theories or data if we do not have a research question.
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We cannot choose techniques, theories or data if we do not have a research question.
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CAR
1. Concise
2. Achievable
3. Relevant
1. Concise
2. Achievable
3. Relevant
ENUMERATION
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How to formulate research questions
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How to formulate research questions
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Concise
How to formulate research questions
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• Anyone, even without expertise in the field, must understand the research question.
• Short and direct phrases are appropriate instead of complex and pretentious sentences.
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• Anyone, even without expertise in the field, must understand the research question.
• Short and direct phrases are appropriate instead of complex and pretentious sentences.
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Achievable
How to formulate research questions
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the research question must have a possible answer and data collection to answer it must be feasible.
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the research question must have a possible answer and data collection to answer it must be feasible.
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Relevant
How to formulate research questions
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answering the question should contribute to solve problems, increase the lack of knowledge, generate new debates, and produce other impacts at a theoretical, empirical, political, economic and social level.
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answering the question should contribute to solve problems, increase the lack of knowledge, generate new debates, and produce other impacts at a theoretical, empirical, political, economic and social level.
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True
true or false
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Following a 3-step protocol and applying six strategies is the most efficient way to formulate research questions and avoid being lost and aimless during the writing of the research proposal and the fieldwork.
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Following a 3-step protocol and applying six strategies is the most efficient way to formulate research questions and avoid being lost and aimless during the writing of the research proposal and the fieldwork.
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1\. Define a research problem
2\. Delimit the research problem
3\. Apply six strategies to interrogate the defined and delimited problem
2\. Delimit the research problem
3\. Apply six strategies to interrogate the defined and delimited problem
ENUMERATION
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What are the 3-step protocol
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What are the 3-step protocol
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1. Description
2. Causes
3. Consequences
4. Solution
5. Comparison - place
6. Comparison - time
Enumeration
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What are the six strategies?
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What are the six strategies?
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True
T or F
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if **very little is known** about the problem or there is not enough information, an exploratory or descriptive investigation should be carried out.
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if **very little is known** about the problem or there is not enough information, an exploratory or descriptive investigation should be carried out.
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Description
**formulate research questions**
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In this case, the questions to the problem can be written starting with “to what extent” or “is there”.
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In this case, the questions to the problem can be written starting with “to what extent” or “is there”.
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Description
**formulate research questions**
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The research will aim to find out if the problem exists or not, or to what extent occurs the research problem
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The research will aim to find out if the problem exists or not, or to what extent occurs the research problem
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Description
**formulate research questions**
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To what extent is there a high level of happiness across all the countries of Latin America between 2000 and 2017?
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To what extent is there a high level of happiness across all the countries of Latin America between 2000 and 2017?
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Causes
**formulate research questions**
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•interrogate about one or several causes or explanations of the problem.
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•interrogate about one or several causes or explanations of the problem.
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Causes
**formulate research questions**
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If there are several possible causal conditions of the problem, the question can be written with “why” or “what are the factors” or “under what conditions” or “which are reasons that explain or influence”
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If there are several possible causal conditions of the problem, the question can be written with “why” or “what are the factors” or “under what conditions” or “which are reasons that explain or influence”
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Causes
**formulate research questions**
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If we want to find out if a specific cause explains or influences the problem, then we should place the possible cause at the beginning of the research question and then the research problem
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If we want to find out if a specific cause explains or influences the problem, then we should place the possible cause at the beginning of the research question and then the research problem
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Causes
**formulate research questions**
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Why is the level of happiness high in the countries of Latin America between 2000 and 2017?
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Why is the level of happiness high in the countries of Latin America between 2000 and 2017?
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Causes
**formulate research questions**
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What factors explain the high level of happiness in the countries of Latin America between 2000 and 2017?
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What factors explain the high level of happiness in the countries of Latin America between 2000 and 2017?
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Causes
**formulate research questions**
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Does the level of religiosity influence (or explain) the level of happiness in the countries of Latin America between 2000 and 2017?
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Does the level of religiosity influence (or explain) the level of happiness in the countries of Latin America between 2000 and 2017?
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Consequences
**formulate research questions**
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interrogate about the consequences of the problem in some area.
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interrogate about the consequences of the problem in some area.
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Consequences
**formulate research questions**
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It is advisable to place the problem at the beginning of the question and then add the phenomenon where it impacts, effects or have consequences
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It is advisable to place the problem at the beginning of the question and then add the phenomenon where it impacts, effects or have consequences
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Consequences
**formulate research questions**
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What effects does the level of happiness have on the development of the IQ of young people between 18 and 30 years of age in Latin American countries?
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What effects does the level of happiness have on the development of the IQ of young people between 18 and 30 years of age in Latin American countries?
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Consequences
**formulate research questions**
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How does the high level of happiness affect public spending on healthcare in the countries of Latin America?
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How does the high level of happiness affect public spending on healthcare in the countries of Latin America?
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Consequences
**formulate research questions**
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To what extent the level of happiness impact on labor productivity in the countries of Latin America?
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To what extent the level of happiness impact on labor productivity in the countries of Latin America?
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Solution
**formulate research questions**
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Think of a solution to the problem, or an intervention that affects the problem.
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Think of a solution to the problem, or an intervention that affects the problem.
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Solution
**formulate research questions**
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Ask what would happen whether that solution or intervention is carried out, and how or to what extent would affect the problem
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Ask what would happen whether that solution or intervention is carried out, and how or to what extent would affect the problem
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Solution
**formulate research questions**
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Will the change in working hours for schoolchildren reduce happiness levels in Latin American countries?
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Will the change in working hours for schoolchildren reduce happiness levels in Latin American countries?
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Solution
**formulate research questions**
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Happiness levels would be reduced in the countries of Latin America whether birth control policies were applied?
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Happiness levels would be reduced in the countries of Latin America whether birth control policies were applied?
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Solution
**formulate research questions**
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To what extent the implementation of policies for reducing income inequality affect happiness levels in Latin American countries?
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To what extent the implementation of policies for reducing income inequality affect happiness levels in Latin American countries?
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Comparison - place
**formulate research questions**
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interrogate whether the problem happens elsewhere, or whether there are similarities and differences between places.
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interrogate whether the problem happens elsewhere, or whether there are similarities and differences between places.
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Comparison - place
**formulate research questions**
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These research questions are formulated for comparative studies.
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These research questions are formulated for comparative studies.
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Comparison - place
**formulate research questions**
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What are the differences and similarities in the level of happiness among the working class in the countries of Latin America?
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What are the differences and similarities in the level of happiness among the working class in the countries of Latin America?
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Comparison - place
**formulate research questions**
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Are there different levels of happiness in the Latin American countries among the urban and rural population?
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Are there different levels of happiness in the Latin American countries among the urban and rural population?
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Comparison - time
**formulate research questions**
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interrogate whether the problem arose before, or whether a problem happens nowadays.
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interrogate whether the problem arose before, or whether a problem happens nowadays.
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Comparison - time
**formulate research questions**
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These questions are appropriate for longitudinal studies.
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These questions are appropriate for longitudinal studies.
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Comparison - time
**formulate research questions**
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Has the high level of happiness in the countries of Latin America been stable in the last hundred years?
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Has the high level of happiness in the countries of Latin America been stable in the last hundred years?
Note 
Flashcards (20)