Practical 1 Review Cards

Girdles

Structures that connect limbs to the axial skeleton.

Pectoral Girdle

Composed of scapula and clavicle; connects upper limbs to the torso.

Pelvic Girdle

Formed by coxal bones and sacrum; supports lower limbs.

Scapula

Shoulder blade; provides attachment for muscles and articulates with the humerus.

Acromion Process

Part of the scapula; forms a protective cover and attaches to the clavicle.

Scapular Spine

Divides the posterior surface of the scapula into supra and infraspinous fossae.

Coracoid Process

A projection on the scapula; serves as an attachment point for muscles.

Glenoid Cavity

A shallow socket in the scapula that articulates with the head of the humerus.

Clavicle

Bone that articulates with the acromion and manubrium of the sternum; connects the arm to the body.

Humerus

The bone of the upper arm; articulates with the shoulder and elbow.

Tubercles

Projections on the humerus; include greater and lesser tubercles for muscle attachment.

Intertubercular Groove

A groove on the humerus that houses the tendon of the biceps brachii.

Capitulum

Rounded part of the humerus that articulates with the radius.

Trochlea

Spool-shaped part of the humerus that articulates with the ulna.

Epicondyles

Projections on the humerus for ligament attachment.

Radius

Forearm bone on the thumb side; involved in wrist movement.

Ulna

Forearm bone on the little finger side; forms the elbow joint.

Trochlear Notch

A notch on the ulna that fits over the trochlea of the humerus.

Olecranon Process

The bony prominence of the elbow, part of the ulna.

Carpal Bones

Eight bones in the wrist; arranged in two rows.

Carpal Tunnel

A passageway in the wrist; contains tendons and nerves.

Metacarpals

Five bones that form the palm of the hand.

Pelvic Girdle

Composed of coxal bones and sacrum; supports the lower limbs.

Acetabulum

A socket in the pelvic girdle that articulates with the head of the femur.

Femur

The thigh bone; the longest bone in the body.

Trochanters

Projections on the femur for muscle attachment; include greater and lesser.

Patella

The kneecap; a sesamoid bone that protects the knee joint.

Tibia

The larger bone of the lower leg; supports most of the body's weight.

Fibula

The smaller bone of the lower leg; stabilizes the ankle.

Tarsals

Seven bones in the foot; include the navicular, talus, and calcaneus.

Metatarsals

Five bones that form the middle part of the foot.

Phalanges

Bones of the toes; each toe has three phalanges except for the big toe, which has two.

Margin/Border

Edge

Ramus

Branch off body

Condyle

Smooth rounded articular surface

Facet

Small flattened articular surface

Process

Prominent projection

Tubercle

Small rounded bump

Tuberosity

Knob

Trochanter

Tuberosities on proximal femur

Epicondyle

Near or above condyle

Line/Linea

Low ridge

Crest/Crista

Prominent ridge

Spine

Very high ridge

Foramen

Hole used for nerves, blood vessels, etc.

Canal/Meatus

Tunnel

Fissure

Cleft

Sinus/Labyrinth

Cavity

Fossa

Depression

Fovea

Little point

Groove/Sulcus

Deeper, narrow depression

Fontanel

Becomes sutures after ossification in fetal skulls

Articular

Movement/Attachment

Paranasal Sinuses

Named for bones in which they are found (Frontal, Maxillary, Ethmoidal, Sphenoidal)

Fontanels

Membranous areas in same suture between bones; may ossify completely in adults and become synostosis

Intervertebral Disks

Located between adjacent vertebrae; filled with water to prevent collapse

Annulus fibrosus

External part of intervertebral disks

Nucleus pulposus

Internal and gelatinous part of intervertebral disks

Kyphosis

Outward curve in spine

Lordosis

Inward curve in spine

Thoracic Vertebrae

Long thin spinous processes directed inferiorly

Lumbar Vertebrae

Large thick bodies with rectangular transverse and spinous processes

Median Sacral Crest

Partially fused spinous process of the sacrum

Sacral Foramina

Intervertebral foramina in the sacrum

Coccyx

Tailbone

True/Vertebrosternal Ribs

Superior 7 ribs that attach directly to sternum via costal cartilages

False Ribs

Interior five ribs, including vertebrochondral (3) and floating (2) ribs

Manubrium

Part of the sternum that articulates with the first rib and clavicle

Jugular Notch

Superior notch of the manubrium

Sternal Angle

Point where manubrium joins body; second rib articulates here

Body of Sternum

Articulates with third through seventh ribs; also known as gladiolus

Xiphoid Process

Inferior tip of the sternum

Osteo...

Related to bones

Functions of Skeleton

Support, Protection, Movement, Electrolyte balance, Acid-Base balance, Blood formation

Osteoclast

Bone dissolving cells.

Osteocytes

mature Osteoblasts trapped in matrix they deposited. Reside in lacunae.

Osteoblast

Bone forming cells..

Compact (cortical) bone

Structure shown in B

Spongy (trabecular) bone

Structure shown in A

Osteon

Basic unit of compact bone

Central (Haversian) Canal

see image - lengthwise

Lacuna

see image - holes in ring

Concentric Lamellae

see image - rings

Trabeculae of spongy bone

structure seen in C

Flat bones

Cranial bones, scapula, sternum, ribs, and hip bones

Long bones

Bones of the limbs and hands/feet (NOT wrists and ankles)

Short bones

Carpal and tarsal and patella.

Irregular bones

Vertebrae, middle-ear bones

Medullary Cavity

Also known as marrow cavity, contains bone marrow.

Diaphysis

Shaft of bone. (Leverage)

Epiphysis

Enlarged head of bone. (strength joint/provide muscle attachments) Proximal and Distal.

Articular Cartilage

Type of hyaline cartilage found at the articulation (joint) of bones.

Metaphysis

In between Epiphysis and Diaphysis.

Periosteum

Sheath of outer fibrous collagen and inner osteogenic layer of bone forming cells.

Sharpey's fibers

Anchors the periosteum to the bone matrix.

Endosteum

Thin layer of reticular CT lining internal marrow cavity. Also covers honeycomb surfaces of spongy bones and has many osteoclasts.

Epiphyseal plate

Hyaline cartilage separating the marrow spaces in children. Where the bones grow in length. Is just an /epiphyseal line/ in adults.

Bone Marrow

soft tissue that occupies marrow cavity of long bones, spaces amid trabeculae of spongy bone, and larger central canals.

Red Bone Marrow

Produces blood cells.

Yellow Bone Marrow

Red marrow of bones in limbs turns into this in adults.