Untitled Flashcards Set

Bottom-Up Processing

An approach that begins with sensory input and builds up to perception.

Schema

A mental framework that helps organize and interpret information.

Perceptual Set

A way to perceive things in a certain way based on expectations.

Gestalt Psychology

A psychological perspective that emphasizes the idea that how people perceive the world around them as a whole, rather than as individual parts and that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

Closure

The tendency to perceive incomplete figures as complete. Like shapes missing a part.

Figure and Ground

A perceptual organization where a figure is distinguishable from its background.

Proximity

The principle that objects that are close together are perceived as belonging together.

Shape Constancy

The perception that an object's shape remains constant despite changes in viewing angle.

Constancy

The perceived stability of certain characteristics of objects, even as sensory input changes.

Binocular Cues

Depth cues that require the use of both eyes.

Relative Size

A cue referring to the perception that larger objects are closer than smaller ones.

Texture Gradient

A monocular cue indicating depth based on the amount of detail visible at varying distances.

Linear Perspective

A depth cue based on the perception that parallel lines converge as they recede into the distance.

Interposition

A monocular cue where one object partially blocks another, indicating that the blocked object is further away.

Cognitive Perspective

An approach that focuses on mental processes like thinking, memory, and problem-solving.

Prototypes

The best representation of a category.

Accommodation

The process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus on near or far objects.

Algorithms

A problem solving strategy that uses logic and methodical steps to arrive at a solution.

Characteristics of Representativeness

The tendency to judge the likelihood of an event based on how similar it is to a prototype.

Availability Heuristic

A mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to mind.

Priming

The activation of particular associations in memory, often without conscious awareness.

Framing

The way information is presented that can influence decisions and judgments.

Sunk Cost Fallacy

The belief that one should continue investing in a losing proposition based on what has already been invested.

Creativity

The ability to produce new and valuable ideas.

Divergent Thinking

A type of thinking that generates many possible solutions to a problem.

Convergent Thinking

A thought process that narrows down options to find a single best solution.

Functional Fixedness

The tendency to view objects as only working in a particular way, hindering problem-solving.

Episodic Memory

A type of long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations, and experiences.

Semantic Memory

A type of long-term memory involving the storage of facts and general knowledge.

Iconic Memory

A brief sensory memory for visual information.

Echoic Memory

A brief sensory memory for auditory information.

Effortful Processing

A type of encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

Procedural Memory

A type of long-term memory involving the performance of different actions and skills.

Memory Perspective

Refers to the viewpoint from which memory is understood and studied.

Memory Maintenance

Processes that help maintain information in memory.

Retrieval

The process of recalling information stored in memory.

Sensory Memory

The initial, brief storage of sensory information.

Structural Semantic Encoding

Encoding that involves processing the meaning of the information.

Mnemonic Devices

Techniques used to enhance the memory and aid in information retention.

Method of Loci

A mnemonic device that involves associating information with specific locations.