Biology S1 Content (Unit 1 ~ 3)

What are adaptations of the stomata for photosynthesis?

contain guard cells that can open/close for gas diffusion

Why do plants require nitrates?

make DNA, amino acids and proteins

How does light intensity affect the rate of photosynthesis?

higher the light intensity, faster the rate of photosynthesis until the saturation point

What are carbohydrates made of?

simple sugars

What are enzymes?

biological catalysts made of proteins that speed up chemical reactions without being used up

List 3 uses of water.

1. Solvent for enzymes and biomolecules
2. 90% of blood is water
3. Maintains osmoregulation

What does heterotrophic mean?

must feed on other organisms to obtain nutrients

What is the structure of a fungi?

Made of a network of fibers called a mycelium of hyphae which have many nuclei

How do viruses survive?

They survive off of their host and are non-living until then

What are organ systems?

A group of different organs that work together to perform bodily functions.

Write the symbol equation for photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2

What is aerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration uses oxygen from the air to release energy from glucose.

Where does aerobic respiration occur?

mitochondria

Write the symbol equation for aerobic respiration.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ATP)

What is anaerobic respiration?

Anaerobic respiration is the release of energy from glucose without using oxygen.

Write the word equation for anaerobic respiration in animals (muscles)

glucose -> lactic acid + ATP

Write the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants.

Glucose -> ethanol + carbondioxide + ATP

Where does anaerobic respiration occur?

Cytoplasm

Where does gas exchange occur in plants?

stomata in the leaves

What process allows gas to move in/out the stomata?

Diffusion

What do chloroplasts do?

They contain special pigment called chlorophyll that absorbs light energy and uses it to turn water and carbondioxide into glucose.

What are 3 uses of glucose? (in plants)

1. Storing as starch
2. Using in cell respiration to make ATP
3. Turned into cellulose for cell walls

What are adaptations of the upper epidermis for photosynthesis?

transparent to allow light through, no chloroplasts

What are adaptations of the waxy cuticle for photosynthesis?

reduces water loss and pathogen entry

What happens if plants have magnesium deficiency?

Stunted growth and yellow leaves

How is starch used for cellular respiration?

It is broken down by the enzyme amylase into glucose which is used for cellular respiration.

What is the effect of too many lipids in the body?

heart disease

What are the 2 factors that may affect the shape of an enzyme?

temperature and pH

Why do we need proteins?

For growth and repair of tissues

Why do we need vitamin D?

To absorb calcium and maintain bone health

Why do we need vitamin C?

To maintain cell conective tisuse, prevent scurvy

Why do we need calcium?

maintain teeth and bones

Why do we need iron?

Used to make haemoglobin in red blood cells to transport oxygen.

What does the esophagus do?

transports food from the mouth to stomach

What mechanical digestion occurs in the stomach?

Stomach muscles churn food

What is the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

create a pH in which proteases called pepsin and trypsin can work

What are the enzymes in the stomach?

pepsin and tryspin (proteases)

What is peristalsis?

wave-like circular muscle contractions that push food down the alimentary canal

What are the 3 enzymes pancreas produce?

amylase, trypsin, lipase

What does bile do?

Bile is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder and emulsifies fats into smaller droplets.

Where does maltase come from?

small intestine

What two places does amylase come from?

salivary glands, pancreas

What are the 3 parts in villi?

epithelium, capillaries, lacteal

Through where are feces egested?

anus

What are fungi cell walls made of?

Chitin

What do fungi store carbohydrates as?

glycogen

How many cells are protoctists made of?

They are unicellular

What are cells?

Cells are building blocks of life made of organelles that each perform a specific function.

What are organs?

Organs are groups of tissues that work together to perform certain functions

Write the word equation for photosynthesis

carbon dioxide+ water -> oxygen + glucose

Write the word equation of aerobic respiration.

glucose + oxygen -> carbondioxide + water + ATP

What is anaerobic respiration in plants commonly known as?

Fermentation

Which part in the cell does photosynthesis occur in?

Chloroplasts

Where are feces stored?

rectum

How do fungi get nutrients?

saprotrophic nutrition

What are adaptations of the palisade mesophyll cells for photosynthesis?

can move to/away light and are packed with chloroplasts

What are adaptations of the spongey mesophyll cells for photosynthesis?

loosely packed with air spaces to enable gas exchange and xylem/phloem

What happens if plants have nitrate deficiency?

Stunted growth and yellow leaves

Why do plants require magnesium?

To make chlorophyll

What are the 3 factors affecting rate of photosynthesis?

Light intensity, CO2 concentration, temperature

How does CO2 concentration affect the rate of photosynthesis?

higher the CO2 concentration, faster the rate of photosynthesis until the saturation point

How does temperature affect the rate of photosynthesis?

Enzymes involved in photosyntehsis have optimum temperatures. If the temperature reaches a certain point higher, it will denature and photosynthesis will stop.

What elements are carbohydrates made from?

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

In what form do animals store carbohydrates?

glycogen

What are lipids made of?

fatty acids and glycerol

What are proteins made of?

chains of amino acids

What is the active site in an enzyme?

The active site is where the substrate binds to an enzyme

Why do we need carbohydrates?

Used for cell respiration to release ATP

Why do we need lipids?

long term energy storage, cell membrane, protection for organs, insulation

Why do we need vitamin A?

maintains eye retina health

Where do we get fiber from? (in plants)

Cellulose from plant cell walls

Why do we need fiber?

To push food down the alimentary canal

What is digestion?

chemical and mechanical breakdown of nutrients (food)

What mechanical digestion occurs in the mouth?

The teeth and tongue chew food into a small moist bolus that can be swallowed.

What chemical digestion occurs in the mouth?

Salivary amylase breaks down starch into maltase, and maltase breaks down maltose into glucose.

What muscle holds food chyme in the stomach until it is ready to move into the small intestine?

Sphincter muscle

How does the small intestine overcome the acidity of stomach acid?

It is alkali to neutralize the acidity.

Where do lipases come from?

pancreas

What connects blood vessels in villi to the liver?

hepatic portal

What do lacteal vessels do in villi?

They absorb fats into the lymphatic system.

What does the large intestine do?

absorbs water

How do plants store sugars?

Starch/Sucrose

What are plant cell walls made of?

Cellulose

What does autotrophic mean?

can make its own food

What is saprotrophic nutrition?

Extra cellular secretion of digestive enzymes onto food material and absorption of the organic products

How many cells are bacteria made of?

They are unicellular

What are the cell walls of bacteria made of?

peptidoglycan

How do bacteria store genetic material

They have no nucleus, and have one circular chromosome with some containing plasmids of DNA

What are viruses made of?

genetic material (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat

What are tissues?

Tissues are a group of cells that have similar functions