BIO EXAM 9-23

Midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal parts left and right

sagittal plane

divides the body into unequal left and right portions

coronal plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior

horizontal plane

divides body into superior and inferior portion

longitudinal section

parallels the longest dimension of the organ

oblique

slanting

bilateral symmetry

left and right sides are mirror images of each other

radial symmetry

circular body glands

right hypochondriac

top left

epigastric region

top middle

left hypogastric

top right

right lumbar region

mid left

umbilical region

middle

left lumbar

right mid

right illac

left bottom

hypogastric

bottom mid

left illiac

right bottom

cranial

skull

orbit

eyes

mammary

breast

umbilicus

belly button

inguinal

groin

femoral

thigh

crus

leg

metacarpus

hands

antebrachial

forearm

thorax

chest

gluteal

butt

popliteal

hamstring/hollow behind knee

plantar

sole of foot

anticublical

front of elbow

buccal

cheek

cervical

neck

axillary

armpit

coxal

hip

pubic

pubic

metatarsal

foot

patella

knee

carpus

wrist

bracial

arm

deltoid

shoulder

caput

head

gastrocnemius

calf

calx/calcaneal

heel

olecranon

back of elbow

superior

towards head

inferior

away from head

dorsal

back of body

ventral

towards the front

distal

away from the trunk

proximal

near the attached of the trunk

external/superficial

towards the surface

deep

away from surface

parietal

walls of cavity

visceral

covering an organ

medial

near midline of body

lateral

farther form midline of body

abduction

draws away from midline

adduction

draws to the midline

lavator

rasies the scapula

depressor

lowers scapula

Macromolecules

CHO, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

what are macromolecules

do not dissolve easily in water, are useful materials for building body structures, big source of energy because of the covalent bonds in their structure and can be broken to release energy

functions of Carbohydrates: CH20N (sugar and starches)

Form structures

Some are converted to Proteins and fats that are used to build body structures and provide an energy source of energy

Function as food reserves

(Principal) provide the most ready energy to sustain life

3 ex of carbohydrates

C5H10O5 (ribose)

C6H12O6 (glucose)

C12H22O11 (sucrose) (in sucrose, remove on thing of water)

Known as dehydration synthesis

Monosaccharides

3-7 carbon items in their structure

Also called a simple sugar

If 3 called triose (anything ends ose is sugar)

If four then tetrose

If 5 carbos called pentose

If 6, hexose

If 7, called heptose

They can't be broken down into simpler sugar because that's what they are.

Disaccharides

Made by combining two mono. Together m+m=d+water. If going left to right called dehydration synthesis, if going right to left, can be broken down with water called hydrolysis or digestion

Glucose + fructose = sucrose + water = cane sugar

(Glucose + galactose) Dehydration = lactose + water (milk sugar)

Glucose + Glucose = maltose + water

Polysaccharides

Consist of three or more monosac. Together.

Can be broken down by hydrolysis

Lack of characteristic sweetness of the M&D

Glycogen a storage form of sugar found in humans (in liver or skeletal muscles)

Cellulose poly. That makes up cell wall of plant cells

Chitin makes an exoskeleton of lobsters, crabs, and insects.

Starch a storage form of sugar found in plants

Lipis fats

Combine three fatty acids plus glycerol = one molecule of fat + 3 molecule of water (triglyceride)

12 to 10 percent less efficient as body fuels than carbohydrates

lipid fats function

protection, energy, and isolation (keeps warm)

Phospholipids Lecithin

component of the cell membrane

Phospholipids Sphingomyelin

Found in cell tissue and brain membrane

Phospholipids cephalin

Found in cell tissue and brain membre

Steroids, Cholesterol

Made by liver, found in blood and nerve tissue

Component of all animal cells

Has a suspected relationship to heart disease and hardening of arteries

High cholesterol leads to heart disease

The recommended level should be less than 200

Biosalts

Emulsify or suspend fats before digestion

Vitamin D

Needed for bone growth and development

Can expose sunlight for a certain amount of time to get more or take supplements

Being linked to different body organs

- Androgens

- sex hormones produced in large amounts by males, little by women

- ex. Testosterone

Porphyrins (COLOR)

Hemoglobin (Hg or Hgb)

Cytochromes

coenzymes in cellular respiration of all cells

Keratin (orange)

Forms vitamin A , forms retina (found in retina of eyes)

Found in carrots

Vitamin E

Needed for wound healing in humans

Needed of making of synthesis for connecting tissue

Vitamin K

Needed in blood-clotted

Excessive bleed

Prostaglandins

Membrane-associated lipids that cause a wide array of physical activities in the body

Prostaglandins function

Simulate uterine connection in labor

Help induce labor

Regulate blood pressure

Involved in transmitting nerve impulses

Helps regulate metabolism

Regulate stomach secretions (take place in GI tract)

Stop lipid breakdown

Regular muscular contractions of the GI tract

Proteins (CHON) can have what?

sulfate and phosphorous

Structural proteins function

Form structures in the body

Collagen & keratin (found in hair and skin)

Regulatory proteins

Regulate various physiological process

Include insulin

Glucagon and epinephrine increase blood sugar levels

Contractile

Serve as contractile elements in muscle tissue

Actin (thin myofilaments found in muscle) and myosin (thick found in muscle tissue)

Immunological proteins

Antibodies that protect us from harmful microorganisms

Gamma globulin, a protein that is given to adults that contract measles

Transport proteins

Transport vital substances throughout body

Hemoglobin, (hemo lipid, globin protein portion)

Catalytic

Act as enzymes to speed up chemical reactions in body

Sellular Amylase (tyalin)

Lactase breaks down sugar lactose

Hepsin, secreted in stomach to break down fats

ASE

Anything that ends in ___ is an enzyme

OSE

Anything that ends in ____ is a sugar

catalysts

chemical substance that affect the speed of reaction without being permanently altered by the chemical reaction

Nucleic acids are made up of what

DNA and RNA

what make up nucleotide

base, sugar, and phosphate

what are the bases of a nucleotide

A T C G U

in. a nucleotide, what type of bond do A T have

double hydrogen

in. a nucleotide, what type of bond do C G have

triple hydrogen

where is U found in a nucelotide?

it is found in the RNA