APUSH Final College Board Review Questions

Not far from this time Nat Turner's insurrection [a slave rebellion] broke out; and the news threw our town into great commotion. . . .

"It was always the custom to have a muster every year. On that occasion every White man shouldered his musket. The citizens and the so-called country gentlemen wore military uniforms. . . .

"I knew the houses were to be searched; and I expected it would be done by country bullies and the poor Whites. . . .

"It was a grand opportunity for the low Whites, who had no Negroes of their own to scourge. They exulted in such a chance to exercise a little brief authority, and show their subserviency to the slaveholders; not reflecting that the power which trampled on the colored people also kept themselves in poverty, ignorance, and moral degradation. . . . Colored people and slaves who lived in remote parts of the town suffered in an especial manner. In some cases the searchers scattered

The immorality of slavery had a widespread corrupting effect on Southern culture.

To turn the administration of our civic affairs wholly over to men may mean that the American city will continue to push forward in its commercial and industrial development, and continue to lag behind in those things which make a city healthful and beautiful. . . . If women have in any sense been responsible for the gentler side of life which softens and blurs some of its harsher conditions, may they not have a duty to perform in our American cities? . . . [I]f woman would fulfill her traditional responsibility to her own children; if she would educate and protect from danger factory children who must find their recreation on the street . . . then she must bring herself to the use of the ballot—that latest implement for self-government."

Jane Addams, "Why Women Should Vote," Ladies' Home Journal, 1910
Addams' ideas expressed in the excerpt have most in common with which of the following historical views about women

The belief of some mid-nineteenth-century reformers that women could act as the moral voice in society

"What do we mean by the Revolution? The war? That was no part of the Revolution; it was only an effect and consequence of it. The Revolution was in the minds of the people, and this was effected from 1760 to 1775, in the course of fifteen years, before a drop of blood was shed at Lexington."

John Adams, former president of the United States, letter to Thomas Jefferson, former president of the United States, 1815

Which of the following factors most directly contradicted Adams' theory about the Revolution?
A
The existence of considerable Loyalist opposition to the Patriot cause
B
The existence of significant social and economic divisions within the colonies
C
The importance of colonial military victories in bringing about independence
D
The importance of support from European allies in defeating the British

The existence of considerable Loyalist opposition to the Patriot cause

"What do we mean by the Revolution? The war? That was no part of the Revolution; it was only an effect and consequence of it. The Revolution was in the minds of the people, and this was effected from 1760 to 1775, in the course of fifteen years, before a drop of blood was shed at Lexington."

John Adams, former president of the United States, letter to Thomas Jefferson, former president of the United States, 1815

Which of the following aspects of life in the United States in the early nineteenth century most likely influenced Adams' recollection of Revolutionary events?
A
The rapid development of the market revolution
B
The development of a national culture and national identity
C
The growing popularity of the idea of Manifest Destiny
D
The rapid growth of a mass democracy

The development of a national culture and national identity

"What do we mean by the Revolution? The war? That was no part of the Revolution; it was only an effect and consequence of it. The Revolution was in the minds of the people, and this was effected from 1760 to 1775, in the course of fifteen years, before a drop of blood was shed at Lexington."

John Adams, former president of the United States, letter to Thomas Jefferson, former president of the United States, 1815

Which of the following is the most likely reason why Adams dates the beginning of the American Revolution to the 1760s?
A
Renewed efforts by Great Britain to consolidate imperial control over the colonies
B
The forging of American Indian political alliances with European powers
C
Increased involvement of colonial merchants in the Atlantic economy
D
The expansion of the colonial population into the interior of the continent

Renewed efforts by Great Britain to consolidate imperial control over the colonies

From infancy I was taught to love humanity and liberty. Inquiry and experience have since confirmed my reverence for the lessons then given me, by convincing me more fully of their truth and excellence. Benevolence towards mankind excites wishes for their welfare, and such wishes endear the means of fulfilling them. Those can be found in liberty alone, and therefore her sacred cause ought to be espoused by every man, on every occasion, to the utmost of his power. . . .

"These being my sentiments, I am encouraged to offer you, my countrymen, my thoughts on some late transactions, that in my opinion are of the utmost importance to you. . . .

"If the BRITISH PARLIAMENT has a legal authority to order, that we shall furnish a single article for the troops here, and to compel obedience to that order; they have the same right to order us to supply those troops with arms, clothes, and . . . to compel obedience to that orde

Merchants in New England

From infancy I was taught to love humanity and liberty. Inquiry and experience have since confirmed my reverence for the lessons then given me, by convincing me more fully of their truth and excellence. Benevolence towards mankind excites wishes for their welfare, and such wishes endear the means of fulfilling them. Those can be found in liberty alone, and therefore her sacred cause ought to be espoused by every man, on every occasion, to the utmost of his power. . . .

"These being my sentiments, I am encouraged to offer you, my countrymen, my thoughts on some late transactions, that in my opinion are of the utmost importance to you. . . .

"If the BRITISH PARLIAMENT has a legal authority to order, that we shall furnish a single article for the troops here, and to compel obedience to that order; they have the same right to order us to supply those troops with arms, clothes, and . . . to compel obedience to that orde

use Enlightenment rhetoric to encourage American autonomy

From infancy I was taught to love humanity and liberty. Inquiry and experience have since confirmed my reverence for the lessons then given me, by convincing me more fully of their truth and excellence. Benevolence towards mankind excites wishes for their welfare, and such wishes endear the means of fulfilling them. Those can be found in liberty alone, and therefore her sacred cause ought to be espoused by every man, on every occasion, to the utmost of his power. . . .

"These being my sentiments, I am encouraged to offer you, my countrymen, my thoughts on some late transactions, that in my opinion are of the utmost importance to you. . . .

"If the BRITISH PARLIAMENT has a legal authority to order, that we shall furnish a single article for the troops here, and to compel obedience to that order; they have the same right to order us to supply those troops with arms, clothes, and . . . to compel obedience to that orde

Increased taxation and imperial oversight following the Seven Years' War

It is not only important, but, in a degree necessary, that the people of this country, should have an American Dictionary of the English language; for, although the body of the language is the same as in England, . . . yet some differences must exist. Language is the expression of ideas; and if the people of one country cannot preserve an identity of ideas, they cannot retain an identity of language. . . . But the principal differences between the people of this country and of all others, arise from different forms of government, different laws, institutions and customs. Thus the . . . feudal system of England originated terms which formed . . . a necessary part of the language of that country; but, in the United States, many of these terms are no part of our present language,—and they cannot be, for the things which they express do not exist in this country. . . . The institutions in this country which are new and p

European precedents along with an American national culture

It is not only important, but, in a degree necessary, that the people of this country, should have an American Dictionary of the English language; for, although the body of the language is the same as in England, . . . yet some differences must exist. Language is the expression of ideas; and if the people of one country cannot preserve an identity of ideas, they cannot retain an identity of language. . . . But the principal differences between the people of this country and of all others, arise from different forms of government, different laws, institutions and customs. Thus the . . . feudal system of England originated terms which formed . . . a necessary part of the language of that country; but, in the United States, many of these terms are no part of our present language,—and they cannot be, for the things which they express do not exist in this country. . . . The institutions in this country which are new and p

importance of liberal ideas about natural rights and liberties

"All Indian peoples in the years after the Civil War saw their sovereignty erode. . . .

"Reformers regarded Indian nations as legal fictions which the federal government should no longer recognize. . . . [Civilian and military leaders] disdained Indian sovereignty. . . . Reformers pushed the federal government toward direct supervision of the lives of individual Indians. . . .

"The reform policy had three basic components. The first was the suppression of Indian norms of family life, community organization, and religion. . . . Reformers tried to educate Indian children in order to instill mainstream American Protestant values in place of tribal values. Finally, reformers sought a policy of land allotment that would break up communal landholding patterns and create private ownership. In the end, Indians would be Christian farmers living in nuclear families on their own land. The remaining lands could then be opened

White claims that reservations reduced American Indian autonomy from the United States, while Hahn claims reservations could be used to resist federal encroachment.

Threatened by popular political victories [in the states] and widespread resistance, many elite Pennsylvanians launched an effort to remake the state and national governments so that they were less democratic. . . . Popular policies and resistance . . . threatened elite ideals. . . . Popular calls for a revaluation of war debt certificates, bans on for-profit corporations, progressive taxation, limits on land speculation, and every other measure designed to make property more equal promised to take wealth away from the elite. . . . It was also threatening that popular politics frightened off potential European investors. . . . [They] were alarmed by the Pennsylvania legislature's 1785 [cancellation] of the Bank of North America's corporate charter. . . .

. . . The push for the Constitution was based in part on the belief that state governments across the new nation had been too democratic and, as a result, had produ

opposed the economic policies that some state legislatures pursued

The development of a plantation economy, beginning in the sixteenth century, transformed Africa, America, Europe, and Asia, too. It displaced the old silk trade and shifted the increasingly dynamic center of the world economy westward to the Atlantic. . . .

"The Atlantic economy supplied eager European consumers with mildly addictive . . . crops like tobacco and coffee, along with sugar. . . . The Atlantic plantation system transformed these three [products] into items of general consumption. . . . Investors prospered, and capital for further economic development accumulated in the [home country]. The governments found funding and motive to develop sea power. The Americas had lucrative export crops and developed a society based on a system of labor exploitation of Africans, and Africa suffered the transport of eleven million of its people to the New World."

Thomas Bender, historian, A Nation Among Nations: America'

drove long-lasting economic shifts across Europe, Africa, and the Americas

The development of a plantation economy, beginning in the sixteenth century, transformed Africa, America, Europe, and Asia, too. It displaced the old silk trade and shifted the increasingly dynamic center of the world economy westward to the Atlantic. . . .

"The Atlantic economy supplied eager European consumers with mildly addictive . . . crops like tobacco and coffee, along with sugar. . . . The Atlantic plantation system transformed these three [products] into items of general consumption. . . . Investors prospered, and capital for further economic development accumulated in the [home country]. The governments found funding and motive to develop sea power. The Americas had lucrative export crops and developed a society based on a system of labor exploitation of Africans, and Africa suffered the transport of eleven million of its people to the New World."

Thomas Bender, historian, A Nation Among Nations: America'

They stimulated economies across Europe.

The development of a plantation economy, beginning in the sixteenth century, transformed Africa, America, Europe, and Asia, too. It displaced the old silk trade and shifted the increasingly dynamic center of the world economy westward to the Atlantic. . . .

"The Atlantic economy supplied eager European consumers with mildly addictive . . . crops like tobacco and coffee, along with sugar. . . . The Atlantic plantation system transformed these three [products] into items of general consumption. . . . Investors prospered, and capital for further economic development accumulated in the [home country]. The governments found funding and motive to develop sea power. The Americas had lucrative export crops and developed a society based on a system of labor exploitation of Africans, and Africa suffered the transport of eleven million of its people to the New World."

Thomas Bender, historian, A Nation Among Nations: America'

Europeans developed new methods of conducting trade and making profits.

Formerly the individual was the pioneer of civilization; now, the railroad is the pioneer, and the individual follows, or is only slightly in advance. . . . The wild roses are blooming today, and the sod is yet unturned . . . where, in a year or two will be heard the screech of the locomotive and the tramp of the approaching legions, another year will bring the beginning of the change; towns and cities will spring into existence, and the steam whistle and the noise of saws and hammers, and the click and clatter of machinery, the sound of industry will be heard. The prairies will be golden with the ripening harvest, and the field and the forest, the mine and the river, will all yield their abundance to the ever growing multitude."

George A. Batchelder, A Sketch of the History and Resources of Dakota Territory, 1870
Which of the following contributed most to the process described in the excerpt?
A
The industrializatio

Legislation that facilitated the distribution of western land

Formerly the individual was the pioneer of civilization; now, the railroad is the pioneer, and the individual follows, or is only slightly in advance. . . . The wild roses are blooming today, and the sod is yet unturned . . . where, in a year or two will be heard the screech of the locomotive and the tramp of the approaching legions, another year will bring the beginning of the change; towns and cities will spring into existence, and the steam whistle and the noise of saws and hammers, and the click and clatter of machinery, the sound of industry will be heard. The prairies will be golden with the ripening harvest, and the field and the forest, the mine and the river, will all yield their abundance to the ever growing multitude."

George A. Batchelder, A Sketch of the History and Resources of Dakota Territory, 1870
The settlement pattern described in the excerpt was most similar to earlier settlement patterns in that

accompanied by conflict with American Indians over landownership

Brothers, We tell you that we seek not war, we ask nothing better than to be quiet, and it depends, Brothers, only on you English, to have peace with us.

"We have not yet sold the lands we inhabit, [and] we wish to keep the possession of them. Our elders have been willing to tolerate you, brothers Englishmen, on the seaboard. . . . But we will not cede one single inch of the lands we inhabit beyond what has been decided formerly by our fathers.

"[The governor of French Canada] who is here present has nothing to do with what we say to you; we speak to you of our own accord, and in the name of all our allies. . . . We are entirely free; we are allies of the King of France, from whom we have received the Faith and all sorts of assistance in our necessities; we love that Monarch, and we are strongly attached to his interests."

Ateawanto, Abenaki Indian leader, speech delivered to a representative of the royal governor

British settlers

Brothers, We tell you that we seek not war, we ask nothing better than to be quiet, and it depends, Brothers, only on you English, to have peace with us.

"We have not yet sold the lands we inhabit, [and] we wish to keep the possession of them. Our elders have been willing to tolerate you, brothers Englishmen, on the seaboard. . . . But we will not cede one single inch of the lands we inhabit beyond what has been decided formerly by our fathers.

"[The governor of French Canada] who is here present has nothing to do with what we say to you; we speak to you of our own accord, and in the name of all our allies. . . . We are entirely free; we are allies of the King of France, from whom we have received the Faith and all sorts of assistance in our necessities; we love that Monarch, and we are strongly attached to his interests."

Ateawanto, Abenaki Indian leader, speech delivered to a representative of the royal governor

To protect his people's land from English colonizers

Brothers, We tell you that we seek not war, we ask nothing better than to be quiet, and it depends, Brothers, only on you English, to have peace with us.

"We have not yet sold the lands we inhabit, [and] we wish to keep the possession of them. Our elders have been willing to tolerate you, brothers Englishmen, on the seaboard. . . . But we will not cede one single inch of the lands we inhabit beyond what has been decided formerly by our fathers.

"[The governor of French Canada] who is here present has nothing to do with what we say to you; we speak to you of our own accord, and in the name of all our allies. . . . We are entirely free; we are allies of the King of France, from whom we have received the Faith and all sorts of assistance in our necessities; we love that Monarch, and we are strongly attached to his interests."

Ateawanto, Abenaki Indian leader, speech delivered to a representative of the royal governor

Competition between European empires for Native American allies

The emancipation of slaves in New England, beginning around 1780, was a gradual process, whether by post nati statute [laws freeing enslaved people born after a certain date], as in Rhode Island and Connecticut, or by effect, as in Massachusetts and New Hampshire, where ambiguous judicial decisions and constitutional interpretations discouraged slaveholding without clearly outlawing it. The gradual nature of the process encouraged Whites to transfer a language and set of practices shaped in the context of slavery to their relations with a slowly emerging population of free people of color. The rhetoric of antislavery and revolutionary republicanism fostered this transfer, undergirding Whites' assumptions that emancipated slaves, likely to be dependent and disorderly, would constitute a problem requiring firm management in the new republic. . . .

"Even more problematic was the promise implicit in antislavery rhetoric

the belief that emancipated people would not be a presence in society

I . . . longed to see and hear him, and wished he would come this way. And I soon heard he was [to] come to New York and [New Jersey] and great multitudes [began] flocking after him under great concern for their souls which brought on my concern more and more hoping soon to see him. . . .

"Then one morning all of a sudden, about 8 or 9 o'clock there came a messenger and said Mr. Whitefield . . . is to preach at Middletown this morning. . . . I was in my field at work. I dropped my tool that I had in my hand and ran home and . . . bade my wife get ready quick to go and hear Mr. Whitefield preach at Middletown, and [ran] to my pasture for my horse with all my might, fearing that I should be too late to hear him.

". . . . When we got to the old meeting house there was a great multitude; it was said to be 3 or 4,000 . . . people assembled together. . . .

"When I saw Mr. Whitefield . . . he looked almost angelical . .

Protestant evangelicalism furthered the Anglicization of the colonies.

Developments such as that depicted in the image most directly led to which of the following?
A
The importation of enslaved Africans to the Caribbean
B
The increasing use of indentured servants in the Caribbean
C
The spread of Spanish missionaries into portions of Florida
D
The settling of the eastern North American seaboard by the Spanish

The importation of enslaved Africans to the Caribbean

Which of the following most directly contributed to the development depicted in the image?
A
The emerging European naval capabilities in the Caribbean
B
The search for new sources of wealth in the Caribbean
C
The North American reliance on imports from the Caribbean
D
The spread of diseases native to the Americas to enslaved African plantation laborers

The search for new sources of wealth in the Caribbean

Historical developments such as that depicted in the image helped advance which of the following?
A
The conquest of the European continent by Spain
B
The spread of Spanish influence in the Western Hemisphere
C
The shift in European economies from capitalism to feudalism
D
The funding Christopher Columbus's expeditions to the Caribbean

The spread of Spanish influence in the Western Hemisphere

"[Before European contact] Cahokia [in present-day Missouri] and such other major centers as those now known as Coosa and Etowah in Georgia, Moundville in Alabama, and Natchez in Mississippi were home to highly stratified societies, organized as chiefdoms and characterized by a sharp divide between elites and commoners. . . . Surrounding networks of agricultural hamlets provided food to support the urban centers. . . .

"From the Ohio River through most of present-day Canada and down the coast to the Chesapeake were speakers of Algonquian languages. . . . Nearly everywhere [here], villages composed of 500 to 2,000 people were the norm. . . .

"[This] Indian country was decentralized and diverse, but not disconnected. . . . Routes of trade and communication, most of them millennia old and following the great river systems, crisscrossed the continent. The goods that moved along them were, for the most part, few and rar

Maize cultivation spread northward from Mexico.

"[Before European contact] Cahokia [in present-day Missouri] and such other major centers as those now known as Coosa and Etowah in Georgia, Moundville in Alabama, and Natchez in Mississippi were home to highly stratified societies, organized as chiefdoms and characterized by a sharp divide between elites and commoners. . . . Surrounding networks of agricultural hamlets provided food to support the urban centers. . . .

"From the Ohio River through most of present-day Canada and down the coast to the Chesapeake were speakers of Algonquian languages. . . . Nearly everywhere [here], villages composed of 500 to 2,000 people were the norm. . . .

"[This] Indian country was decentralized and diverse, but not disconnected. . . . Routes of trade and communication, most of them millennia old and following the great river systems, crisscrossed the continent. The goods that moved along them were, for the most part, few and rar

Settled subsistence farming

"[Before European contact] Cahokia [in present-day Missouri] and such other major centers as those now known as Coosa and Etowah in Georgia, Moundville in Alabama, and Natchez in Mississippi were home to highly stratified societies, organized as chiefdoms and characterized by a sharp divide between elites and commoners. . . . Surrounding networks of agricultural hamlets provided food to support the urban centers. . . .

"From the Ohio River through most of present-day Canada and down the coast to the Chesapeake were speakers of Algonquian languages. . . . Nearly everywhere [here], villages composed of 500 to 2,000 people were the norm. . . .

"[This] Indian country was decentralized and diverse, but not disconnected. . . . Routes of trade and communication, most of them millennia old and following the great river systems, crisscrossed the continent. The goods that moved along them were, for the most part, few and rar

Native American agriculture encouraged the growth of socially diversified urban areas.

S]ince a report had been made to the king on the fertility of the soil by [Sieur de Monts] and by me on the feasibility of discovering the passage to China, . . . his Majesty directed Sieur de Monts to make a new outfit, and send men to continue what he had commenced. . . . He was also influenced by the hope of greater advantages in case of settling in the interior, where the people are civilized,… than along the sea-shore, where the [natives] generally dwell. From this course, he believed the king would derive an inestimable profit; for it is easy to suppose that Europeans will seek out this advantage rather than those of a jealous and intractable disposition to be found on the shores."

Samuel de Champlain, French explorer, 1604
French exploration of North America, as reflected in the excerpt, most directly contributed to which of the following?
A
The ongoing shift from feudalism to capitalism in western Europe
B

The ongoing shift from feudalism to capitalism in Western Europe

"We have as yet no certaine proofe or experience concerning the vertues of… Corne, although the… Indians…are constrained to make a virtue of necessitie, and think it a good food: whereas we may easily judge that it nourisheth but little, and is of a hard… digestion, a more convenient food for swine than for men."

John Gerard, English botanist, The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes, 1597
The development that brought "corne" to the attention of botanists such as Gerard is best known as the
A
Columbian Exchange
B
encomienda system
C
trans-Atlantic slave trade
D
Enlightenment

Columbian Exchange

"We have as yet no certaine proofe or experience concerning the vertues of… Corne, although the… Indians…are constrained to make a virtue of necessitie, and think it a good food: whereas we may easily judge that it nourisheth but little, and is of a hard… digestion, a more convenient food for swine than for men."

John Gerard, English botanist, The Herball or Generall Historie of Plantes, 1597
Gerard's description of "corne" in the excerpt best reflects which of the following?
A
Curiosity about American Indian ways of life
B
Assumptions about the superiority of European culture
C
Inability to find uses for North American crops
D
Concerns about economic threats posed by North American imports

Assumptions about the superiority of European culture

"Barbarians [are] . . . , in the proper and strict sense of the word, dull witted and lacking in the reasoning powers necessary for self-government. They are without laws, without king, etc. For this reason they are by nature unfitted for rule.

"[Some] barbarians . . . have a lawful, just, and natural government. Even though they lack the art and use of writing, they are not wanting in the capacity and skill to rule and govern themselves. . . . Thus they have kingdoms, communities, and cities that they govern wisely according to their laws and customs. . . .

". . . It does not necessarily follow that [Native Americans] are incapable of government and have to be ruled by others, except to be taught about the Catholic faith and to be admitted to the holy sacraments. They are not ignorant, inhuman, or bestial. Rather, long before they had heard the word Spaniard they had properly organized states, wisely ordered by ex

The ancient Spanish had a right to their own freedom.

"Barbarians [are] . . . , in the proper and strict sense of the word, dull witted and lacking in the reasoning powers necessary for self-government. They are without laws, without king, etc. For this reason they are by nature unfitted for rule.

"[Some] barbarians . . . have a lawful, just, and natural government. Even though they lack the art and use of writing, they are not wanting in the capacity and skill to rule and govern themselves. . . . Thus they have kingdoms, communities, and cities that they govern wisely according to their laws and customs. . . .

". . . It does not necessarily follow that [Native Americans] are incapable of government and have to be ruled by others, except to be taught about the Catholic faith and to be admitted to the holy sacraments. They are not ignorant, inhuman, or bestial. Rather, long before they had heard the word Spaniard they had properly organized states, wisely ordered by ex

Native American societies did not meet the definition of "barbarian."

"Barbarians [are] . . . , in the proper and strict sense of the word, dull witted and lacking in the reasoning powers necessary for self-government. They are without laws, without king, etc. For this reason they are by nature unfitted for rule.

"[Some] barbarians . . . have a lawful, just, and natural government. Even though they lack the art and use of writing, they are not wanting in the capacity and skill to rule and govern themselves. . . . Thus they have kingdoms, communities, and cities that they govern wisely according to their laws and customs. . . .

". . . It does not necessarily follow that [Native Americans] are incapable of government and have to be ruled by others, except to be taught about the Catholic faith and to be admitted to the holy sacraments. They are not ignorant, inhuman, or bestial. Rather, long before they had heard the word Spaniard they had properly organized states, wisely ordered by ex

had developed large urban areas

Which of the following most directly contributed to the major pattern depicted on the map?
A
The growth of the fur trade in the North American colonies
B
The spread of ideas associated with the European Enlightenment
C
Demand for crops produced in the Americas
D
Africans' adaptation to the culture of the Western Hemisphere

Demand for crops produced in the Americas

The image best serves as evidence that many Native American groups had developed farming techniques that
A
spread tobacco cultivation throughout the continent
B
supported permanent villages
C
allowed for continuous warfare
D
differed dramatically from English agricultural practices

supported permanent villages

the early 1600s, which of the following had most changed the circumstances of villages such as Secotan in eastern North America?
A
The establishment of permanent settlements by English colonists
B
The impact of epidemic diseases introduced by Europeans
C
The decline of the fur and beaver trades
D
The introduction of new foods into the Native American diet

The impact of epidemic diseases introduced by Europeans

Which of the following best explains the presence of the Spanish in the areas depicted on the map?
A
The emergence of competition between European powers in the Americas
B
The outbreak of rebellion by the Pueblo Indians
C
The spread of maize culture from American Indians to the Spanish colonists
D
The introduction of African slavery to Spanish Florida

emergence of competition between European powers in the Americas

Which of the following was a major difference between the Spanish colonies in the Americas in the 1500s and the English colonies in the Americas in the early 1600s?
A
The Spanish adopted African slavery in their colonies, while the English relied more on American Indian labor.
B
The Spanish more actively sought to convert American Indians to Christianity than did the English.
C
The Spanish tried to change American Indian worldviews, while the English generally accommodated them.
D
The Spanish rejected assimilating American Indians into their culture, while the English favored assimilation.

The Spanish more actively sought to convert American Indians to Christianity than did the English

"We have conquered many of the neighboring tribes of Indians, but we have never thought of holding them in subjection—never of incorporating them into our Union….To incorporate Mexico, would be the very first instance of the kind of incorporating an Indian race; for more than half of the Mexicans are Indians, and the other is composed chiefly of mixed tribes…. Ours, sir, is the Government of a white race…. [I]t is professed and talked about to erect these Mexicans into a Territorial Government, and place them on an equality with the people of the United States. I protest utterly against such a project."

Senator John C. Calhoun, "Conquest of Mexico" speech, 1848
The excerpt most directly reflects which of the following developments in the United States during the first half of the nineteenth century?
A
The end of the Spanish-American War
B
Westward expansion
C
The booming internal slave trade
D
Increased manufa

Westward expansion

"We have conquered many of the neighboring tribes of Indians, but we have never thought of holding them in subjection—never of incorporating them into our Union….To incorporate Mexico, would be the very first instance of the kind of incorporating an Indian race; for more than half of the Mexicans are Indians, and the other is composed chiefly of mixed tribes…. Ours, sir, is the Government of a white race…. [I]t is professed and talked about to erect these Mexicans into a Territorial Government, and place them on an equality with the people of the United States. I protest utterly against such a project."

Senator John C. Calhoun, "Conquest of Mexico" speech, 1848
Which of the following events best represents a continuity of the sentiments expressed by Senator Calhoun in the speech?
A
The United States rejection of membership in the League of Nations
B
Support for assimilationist policies in the 1880s and 1890s
C

The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson

"We have conquered many of the neighboring tribes of Indians, but we have never thought of holding them in subjection—never of incorporating them into our Union….To incorporate Mexico, would be the very first instance of the kind of incorporating an Indian race; for more than half of the Mexicans are Indians, and the other is composed chiefly of mixed tribes…. Ours, sir, is the Government of a white race…. [I]t is professed and talked about to erect these Mexicans into a Territorial Government, and place them on an equality with the people of the United States. I protest utterly against such a project."

Senator John C. Calhoun, "Conquest of Mexico" speech, 1848
Based on the excerpt, Calhoun would also be most likely to support which of the following?
A
Proslavery arguments
B
Policies favoring immigration
C
Expanded United States federal authority
D
United States sale of disputed territory

Proslavery argumentsProslavery arguments

"I do not belong, said Mr. [Calhoun], to the school which holds that aggression is to be met by concession. . . . If we concede an inch, concession would follow concession—compromise would follow compromise, until our ranks would be so broken that effectual resistance would be impossible. . . .

". . . A large portion of the Northern States believed slavery to be a sin, and would believe it to be an obligation of conscience to abolish it if they should feel themselves in any degree responsible for its continuance. . . .

". . . Abolition and the Union cannot coexist. As the friend of the Union, I openly proclaim it—and the sooner it is known the better. The former may now be controlled, but in a short time it will be beyond the power of man to arrest the course of events. We of the South will not, cannot, surrender our institutions. To maintain the existing relations between the two races, inhabiting that section of

Slaveholders became more insistent that maintaining the slave system was essential to protecting the South and its way of life.

The table most directly suggests which of the following developments by 1749 ?
A
Native Americans refused to purchase British goods in order to achieve self-sufficiency.
B
Plantation owners began to rely on indentured servants to produce valuable cash crops.
C
Colonists became increasingly vulnerable to the transmission of epidemic diseases such as smallpox.
D
The British established increasingly extensive trade networks to provide goods to its colonies.

The British established increasingly extensive trade networks to provide goods to its colonies.

The trend depicted in the table most directly contributed to which of the following developments in British North America?
A
Disagreement over the enforcement of mercantilist restrictions
B
Debates regarding the enactment of religious toleration in some colonies
C
Discussions about whether colonists believed themselves to be British subjects
D
Conflict over whether to allow slavery in the northern colonies

Disagreement over the enforcement of mercantilist restrictions

I ordered my company to fire,' [George] Washington reported. . . . This incident . . . led to massive French retaliation and the outbreak of what was soon a world war. It raged in North America for six years, 1754-60, in Central and South America, in the Caribbean and the Atlantic, in India and the East, and not least in Europe, where it was known as the Seven Years War (1756-63). . . . Horace Walpole [stated]: 'The volley fired by a young Virginian in the backwoods of America set the world on fire.'"

Paul Johnson, historian, A History of the American People, 1997
Britain attempted to pay for the debt resulting from the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) by
A
charging immigrants a fee to relocate to North America
B
selling ships from its navy to colonial merchants
C
increasing taxes on goods bought and sold in the colonies
D
sponsoring expeditions to locate valuable resources

increasing taxes on goods bought and sold in the colonies

I ordered my company to fire,' [George] Washington reported. . . . This incident . . . led to massive French retaliation and the outbreak of what was soon a world war. It raged in North America for six years, 1754-60, in Central and South America, in the Caribbean and the Atlantic, in India and the East, and not least in Europe, where it was known as the Seven Years War (1756-63). . . . Horace Walpole [stated]: 'The volley fired by a young Virginian in the backwoods of America set the world on fire.'"

Paul Johnson, historian, A History of the American People, 1997
Which of the following contributed to the outbreak of the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) in North America?
A
Intensified competition between France and Britain over colonies
B
Efforts by Britain to monopolize tobacco sales in Europe
C
Spanish attempts to end British control of the trans-Atlantic slave trade
D
Britain's desire to enact new taxes o

Intensified competition between France and Britain over colonies

With regard to the northwestern States, to which the ordinance of 1787 was applied—Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan—no one now believes that any one of those States, if they thought proper to do it, has not just as much a right to introduce slavery within her borders as Virginia has a right to maintain the existence of slavery within hers.

"Then, if in this struggle of power and empire between the two classes of states a decision of California has taken place adverse to the wishes of the southern States, it is a decision not made by the General [federal] Government; it is a decision respecting which they cannot complain to the General Government. It is a decision made by California herself, and which California had incontestably a right to make under the Constitution of the United States. . . . The question of slavery, either of its introduction or interdiction, is silent as respects the action of this [federal

Southern states sought more proslavery seats in the United States Congress.

With regard to the northwestern States, to which the ordinance of 1787 was applied—Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan—no one now believes that any one of those States, if they thought proper to do it, has not just as much a right to introduce slavery within her borders as Virginia has a right to maintain the existence of slavery within hers.

"Then, if in this struggle of power and empire between the two classes of states a decision of California has taken place adverse to the wishes of the southern States, it is a decision not made by the General [federal] Government; it is a decision respecting which they cannot complain to the General Government. It is a decision made by California herself, and which California had incontestably a right to make under the Constitution of the United States. . . . The question of slavery, either of its introduction or interdiction, is silent as respects the action of this [federal

The acquisition of new territories created disputes over the expansion of slavery.

With regard to the northwestern States, to which the ordinance of 1787 was applied—Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan—no one now believes that any one of those States, if they thought proper to do it, has not just as much a right to introduce slavery within her borders as Virginia has a right to maintain the existence of slavery within hers.

"Then, if in this struggle of power and empire between the two classes of states a decision of California has taken place adverse to the wishes of the southern States, it is a decision not made by the General [federal] Government; it is a decision respecting which they cannot complain to the General Government. It is a decision made by California herself, and which California had incontestably a right to make under the Constitution of the United States. . . . The question of slavery, either of its introduction or interdiction, is silent as respects the action of this [federal

Congressional leaders sought political compromise to resolve discord between the North and the South.

The data in the tables indicate which of the following?
A
Confederate forces suffered more casualties than did Union forces.
B
The Confederacy lost more of its skilled workers than did the Union.
C
The Union lost a greater percentage of its population than did the Confederacy.
D
Confederate armies lost a greater proportion of its soldiers than did the Union.

Confederate armies lost a greater proportion of its soldiers than did the Union.

The creation of a home market is not only necessary to procure for our agriculture a just reward of its labors, but it is indispensable to obtain a supply of our necessary wants. . . . Suppose no actual abandonment of farming, but, what is most likely, a gradual and imperceptible employment of population in the business of manufacturing, instead of being compelled to resort to agriculture. . . . Is any part of our common country likely to be injured by a transfer of the theatre of [manufacturing] for our own consumption from Europe to America?

". . . Suppose it were even true that Great Britain had abolished all restrictions upon trade, and allowed the freest introduction of the [products] of foreign labor, would that prove it unwise for us to adopt the protecting system? The object of protection is the establishment and perfection of the [manufacturing] arts. In England it, has accomplished its purpose, fulfilled i

Clay's manufacturing plan would benefit one section of the country more than others.

The creation of a home market is not only necessary to procure for our agriculture a just reward of its labors, but it is indispensable to obtain a supply of our necessary wants. . . . Suppose no actual abandonment of farming, but, what is most likely, a gradual and imperceptible employment of population in the business of manufacturing, instead of being compelled to resort to agriculture. . . . Is any part of our common country likely to be injured by a transfer of the theatre of [manufacturing] for our own consumption from Europe to America?

". . . Suppose it were even true that Great Britain had abolished all restrictions upon trade, and allowed the freest introduction of the [products] of foreign labor, would that prove it unwise for us to adopt the protecting system? The object of protection is the establishment and perfection of the [manufacturing] arts. In England it, has accomplished its purpose, fulfilled i

The United States should increase domestic manufacturing to promote prosperity.

The creation of a home market is not only necessary to procure for our agriculture a just reward of its labors, but it is indispensable to obtain a supply of our necessary wants. . . . Suppose no actual abandonment of farming, but, what is most likely, a gradual and imperceptible employment of population in the business of manufacturing, instead of being compelled to resort to agriculture. . . . Is any part of our common country likely to be injured by a transfer of the theatre of [manufacturing] for our own consumption from Europe to America?

". . . Suppose it were even true that Great Britain had abolished all restrictions upon trade, and allowed the freest introduction of the [products] of foreign labor, would that prove it unwise for us to adopt the protecting system? The object of protection is the establishment and perfection of the [manufacturing] arts. In England it, has accomplished its purpose, fulfilled i

The political debates over economic development

"Resolved, That woman is man's equal….

"Resolved, That woman has too long rested satisfied in the circumscribed limits which corrupt customs… have marked out for her, and that it is time she should move in the enlarged sphere… assigned her.

"Resolved, That it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise.

"Resolved,… That, being invested by the Creator with the same capabilities, and the same consciousness of responsibility for their exercise, it is demonstrably the right and duty of woman, equally with man, to promote every righteous cause, by every righteous means."

Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (Seneca Falls Convention), 1848
Which other "righteous cause" would participants in the Seneca Falls Convention have been most likely to support?
A
Expansionism
B
Nativism
C
Abolitionism
D
Conservationism

Abolitionism

"Resolved, That woman is man's equal….

"Resolved, That woman has too long rested satisfied in the circumscribed limits which corrupt customs… have marked out for her, and that it is time she should move in the enlarged sphere… assigned her.

"Resolved, That it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise.

"Resolved,… That, being invested by the Creator with the same capabilities, and the same consciousness of responsibility for their exercise, it is demonstrably the right and duty of woman, equally with man, to promote every righteous cause, by every righteous means."

Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (Seneca Falls Convention), 1848
In the decades following the Civil War, the woman's rights movement that began at Seneca Falls focused its energies most strongly on
A
achieving the right to vote
B
receiving equal pay for equal work
C
end

achieving the right to vote

"Resolved, That woman is man's equal….

"Resolved, That woman has too long rested satisfied in the circumscribed limits which corrupt customs… have marked out for her, and that it is time she should move in the enlarged sphere… assigned her.

"Resolved, That it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise.

"Resolved,… That, being invested by the Creator with the same capabilities, and the same consciousness of responsibility for their exercise, it is demonstrably the right and duty of woman, equally with man, to promote every righteous cause, by every righteous means."

Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions (Seneca Falls Convention), 1848
The language and themes of the excerpt were most directly inspired by the
A
Articles of Confederation
B
Declaration of Independence
C
Northwest Ordinance
D
United States Constitution

Declaration of Independence

We are reduced to the alternative of choosing an unconditional submission to the tyranny of irritated ministers, or resistance by force. . . .

"We fight not for glory or for conquest. We exhibit to mankind the remarkable spectacle of a people attacked by unprovoked enemies, without any imputation or even suspicion of offense. They boast of their privileges and civilization, and yet proffer no milder conditions than servitude or death.

"In our own native land, in defense of the freedom . . . , and which we ever enjoyed till the late violation of it—for the protection of our property, acquired solely by the honest industry of our forefathers and ourselves, against violence actually offered, we have taken up arms."

Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms, July 1775
Which of the following most immediately built on the ideas expressed in the excerpt?
A
The publication of the pamphlet Common Sense
B
Th

The publication of the pamphlet Common Sense

We are reduced to the alternative of choosing an unconditional submission to the tyranny of irritated ministers, or resistance by force. . . .

"We fight not for glory or for conquest. We exhibit to mankind the remarkable spectacle of a people attacked by unprovoked enemies, without any imputation or even suspicion of offense. They boast of their privileges and civilization, and yet proffer no milder conditions than servitude or death.

"In our own native land, in defense of the freedom . . . , and which we ever enjoyed till the late violation of it—for the protection of our property, acquired solely by the honest industry of our forefathers and ourselves, against violence actually offered, we have taken up arms."

Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms, July 1775
The British Crown's response to actions like those in the excerpt was to
A
declare the American colonies to be in open rebellion
B
agree

declare the American colonies to be in open rebellion

We are reduced to the alternative of choosing an unconditional submission to the tyranny of irritated ministers, or resistance by force. . . .

"We fight not for glory or for conquest. We exhibit to mankind the remarkable spectacle of a people attacked by unprovoked enemies, without any imputation or even suspicion of offense. They boast of their privileges and civilization, and yet proffer no milder conditions than servitude or death.

"In our own native land, in defense of the freedom . . . , and which we ever enjoyed till the late violation of it—for the protection of our property, acquired solely by the honest industry of our forefathers and ourselves, against violence actually offered, we have taken up arms."

Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms, July 1775
Which of the following pieces of evidence could best be used to challenge the assertion in the excerpt that British attacks on the colon

series of popular boycotts, mob protests, and violence against royal officials

We are reduced to the alternative of choosing an unconditional submission to the tyranny of irritated ministers, or resistance by force. . . .

"We fight not for glory or for conquest. We exhibit to mankind the remarkable spectacle of a people attacked by unprovoked enemies, without any imputation or even suspicion of offense. They boast of their privileges and civilization, and yet proffer no milder conditions than servitude or death.

"In our own native land, in defense of the freedom . . . , and which we ever enjoyed till the late violation of it—for the protection of our property, acquired solely by the honest industry of our forefathers and ourselves, against violence actually offered, we have taken up arms."

Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms, July 1775
The issuing of the declaration in the excerpt best serves as evidence of the
A
Patriot inclusion of abolitionism as a goal of the resist

efforts of colonists to protect their rights as English subjects

Whether you are or are not, entitled to all the rights of citizenship in this country has long been a matter of dispute to your prejudice. By enlisting in the service of your country at this trial hour, and upholding the National Flag, you stop the mouths of [cynics] and win applause even from the iron lips of ingratitude. Enlist and you make this your country in common with all other men born in the country or out of it. . . .

He who fights the battles of America may claim America as his country—and have that claim respected. Thus in defending your country now against rebels and traitors you are defending your own liberty, honor, manhood and self-respect. . . .

. . . [H]istory shall record the names of heroes and martyrs who bravely answered the call of patriotism and Liberty—against traitors, thieves and assassins—let it not be said that in the long list of glory, composed of men of all nations—there appears the

war was no longer just about preserving the union of the states.

Whether you are or are not, entitled to all the rights of citizenship in this country has long been a matter of dispute to your prejudice. By enlisting in the service of your country at this trial hour, and upholding the National Flag, you stop the mouths of [cynics] and win applause even from the iron lips of ingratitude. Enlist and you make this your country in common with all other men born in the country or out of it. . . .

He who fights the battles of America may claim America as his country—and have that claim respected. Thus in defending your country now against rebels and traitors you are defending your own liberty, honor, manhood and self-respect. . . .

. . . [H]istory shall record the names of heroes and martyrs who bravely answered the call of patriotism and Liberty—against traitors, thieves and assassins—let it not be said that in the long list of glory, composed of men of all nations—there appears the

Shared sacrifice would help advance African American men's claims to United States citizenship.

Whether you are or are not, entitled to all the rights of citizenship in this country has long been a matter of dispute to your prejudice. By enlisting in the service of your country at this trial hour, and upholding the National Flag, you stop the mouths of [cynics] and win applause even from the iron lips of ingratitude. Enlist and you make this your country in common with all other men born in the country or out of it. . . .

He who fights the battles of America may claim America as his country—and have that claim respected. Thus in defending your country now against rebels and traitors you are defending your own liberty, honor, manhood and self-respect. . . .

. . . [H]istory shall record the names of heroes and martyrs who bravely answered the call of patriotism and Liberty—against traitors, thieves and assassins—let it not be said that in the long list of glory, composed of men of all nations—there appears the

His advocacy for African American equal rights

The question is simply this: can a negro whose ancestors were imported into this country and sold as slaves become a member of the political community formed and brought into existence by the Constitution of the United States, and as such become entitled to all the rights, and privileges, and immunities, guaranteed by that instrument to the citizen, one of which rights is the privilege of suing in a court of the United States in the cases specified in the Constitution? . . . It is the judgment of this court that it appears . . . that the plaintiff in error is not a citizen . . . in the sense in which that word is used in the Constitution."

United States Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857
Which of the following invalidated the decision in the excerpt?
A
The Fourteenth Amendment
B
Plessy v. Ferguson
C
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
D
The Civil Rights Act of 1964

The Fourteenth Amendment

The question is simply this: can a negro whose ancestors were imported into this country and sold as slaves become a member of the political community formed and brought into existence by the Constitution of the United States, and as such become entitled to all the rights, and privileges, and immunities, guaranteed by that instrument to the citizen, one of which rights is the privilege of suing in a court of the United States in the cases specified in the Constitution? . . . It is the judgment of this court that it appears . . . that the plaintiff in error is not a citizen . . . in the sense in which that word is used in the Constitution."

United States Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857
The decision in the excerpt held which of the following to be unconstitutional?
A
The Northwest Ordinance
B
The Louisiana Purchase
C
The Missouri Compromise
D
The Wilmot Proviso

The Missouri Compromise

The question is simply this: can a negro whose ancestors were imported into this country and sold as slaves become a member of the political community formed and brought into existence by the Constitution of the United States, and as such become entitled to all the rights, and privileges, and immunities, guaranteed by that instrument to the citizen, one of which rights is the privilege of suing in a court of the United States in the cases specified in the Constitution? . . . It is the judgment of this court that it appears . . . that the plaintiff in error is not a citizen . . . in the sense in which that word is used in the Constitution."

United States Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857
Which of the following was the most immediate result of the decision in the excerpt?
A
Tensions over slavery diminished.
B
Support grew for the Republican Party.
C
The United States fought a war

Support grew for the Republican Party.

The question is simply this: can a negro whose ancestors were imported into this country and sold as slaves become a member of the political community formed and brought into existence by the Constitution of the United States, and as such become entitled to all the rights, and privileges, and immunities, guaranteed by that instrument to the citizen, one of which rights is the privilege of suing in a court of the United States in the cases specified in the Constitution? . . . It is the judgment of this court that it appears . . . that the plaintiff in error is not a citizen . . . in the sense in which that word is used in the Constitution."

United States Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857
Which of the following most likely supported the ideas expressed in the excerpt?
A
Abolitionists
B
Southern Democrats
C
Free soil advocates
D
Northern Republicans

Southern Democrats

That a British and American legislature, for regulating the administration of the general affairs of America, be proposed and established in America, including all the said colonies; within, and under which government, each colony shall retain its present constitution, and powers of regulating and governing its own internal police, in all cases whatsoever.

"That the said government be administered by a President General, to be appointed by the King and a Grand Council, to be chosen by the representatives of the people of the several colonies, in their respective assemblies, once in every three years."

Joseph Galloway, "A Plan of a Proposed Union Between Great Britain and the Colonies," proposal debated by the First Continental Congress, 1774
The key concern that Galloway's plan was designed to address was the
A
lack of American representation in the British Parliament
B
demand for back pay for veterans of the Frenc

lack of American representation in the British Parliament

That a British and American legislature, for regulating the administration of the general affairs of America, be proposed and established in America, including all the said colonies; within, and under which government, each colony shall retain its present constitution, and powers of regulating and governing its own internal police, in all cases whatsoever.

"That the said government be administered by a President General, to be appointed by the King and a Grand Council, to be chosen by the representatives of the people of the several colonies, in their respective assemblies, once in every three years."

Joseph Galloway, "A Plan of a Proposed Union Between Great Britain and the Colonies," proposal debated by the First Continental Congress, 1774
The excerpt most strongly suggests that in 1774 which of the following was correct?
A
The American colonists were united in their desire for independence from Great Britain.
B

Some members of the First Continental Congress sought a compromise between submission to British authority and independence.

It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth."

Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, November 1863
Which of the following most directly contributed to the conflict referred to in the excerpt?
A
Disputes over taxation and representation
B
Tensions between isolationism and international engagement
C
Disagreements over whether to allow slavery in new territories
D
Debates about the role of religion in

Disagreements over whether to allow slavery in new territories

It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth."

Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, November 1863
Lincoln's main purpose in the excerpt was to
A
advocate racial equality
B
encourage the punishment of the South
C
propose expanded democratic voting rights
D
gain continued support for the war effort

gain continued support for the war effort

"I have heard it asserted by some, that as America hath flourished under her former connection with Great Britain, that the same connection is necessary towards her future happiness, and will always have the same effect. Nothing can be more fallacious [untrue] than this kind of argument. We may as well assert that because a child has thrived upon milk, that it is never to have meat, or that the first twenty years of our lives is to become a precedent for the next twenty. But even this is admitting more than is true, for I answer roundly, that America would have flourished as much, and probably much more, had no European power had any thing to do with her. . . .

"But Britain is the parent country, say some. Then the more shame upon her conduct. Even brutes do not devour their young, nor savages make war upon their families. . . . Europe, and not England, is the parent country of America. This new world hath been the

independence of the American colonies

The American Republicans of the city and county of Philadelphia, who are determined to support the NATIVE [White, Protestant] AMERICANS in their Constitutional Rights of peaceably assembling to express their opinions on any question of Public Policy, and to SUSTAIN THEM AGAINST THE ASSAULTS OF ALIENS AND FOREIGNERS are requested to assemble on MONDAY AFTERNOON, May 6th, 1844 at 4 o'clock, at the corner of Master and Second street, Kensington [a section of Philadelphia], to express their indignation [anger] at the outrage on Friday evening last, which was perpetrated by the Irish Catholics."

Text from a poster announcing a meeting of the American Republican Party, later renamed the American Party, Philadelphia, 1844
The language in the excerpt was most likely interpreted as promoting which of the following?
A
States' rights
B
Nativist sentiment
C
Religious pluralism
D
Abolitionist activism

Nativist sentiment

We . . . the loyal subjects of our dread sovereign lord, King James, . . . having undertaken for the glory of God, and advancement of the Christian faith, and honor of our king and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and mutually in the presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic . . . and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet [proper] and convenient for the general good of the colony unto which we promise all due submission and obedience."

The Mayflower Compact, the first governing document of the Plymouth colony, 1620
Participation in the "civil body politic" referenced in the excerpt would have been most available to which of the following?
A
Members of the

Male church members

We . . . the loyal subjects of our dread sovereign lord, King James, . . . having undertaken for the glory of God, and advancement of the Christian faith, and honor of our king and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and mutually in the presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic . . . and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet [proper] and convenient for the general good of the colony unto which we promise all due submission and obedience."

The Mayflower Compact, the first governing document of the Plymouth colony, 1620
The ideas introduced in the excerpt most directly contributed to which of the following patterns among the British North American colonies?
A
T

The establishment of local representative assemblies

We . . . the loyal subjects of our dread sovereign lord, King James, . . . having undertaken for the glory of God, and advancement of the Christian faith, and honor of our king and country, a voyage to plant the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and mutually in the presence of God and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together into a civil body politic . . . and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meet [proper] and convenient for the general good of the colony unto which we promise all due submission and obedience."

The Mayflower Compact, the first governing document of the Plymouth colony, 1620
Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of the document from which the excerpt was taken?
A
Organizing a system of rules and

Organizing a system of rules and order in the colony

Which of the following most directly contributed to the spread of settlement depicted on the map?
A
The development of transcontinental railroads
B
Efforts to secure boundaries with Great Britain
C
Federal grants for purchases of western land
D
Sustained population growth after the American Revolution

Sustained population growth after the American Revolution

Which of the following most likely accounts for the limits of United States settlement in portions of North Carolina and Georgia depicted on the map?
A
Tobacco and sugarcane crops failed to thrive in those areas.
B
American Indians maintained sovereign control over those regions.
C
The Northwest Ordinance prohibited slavery in those regions.
D
The lands were set aside for American Indian reservations.

American Indians maintained sovereign control over those regions.

The patterns of settlement shown in the map culminated in which of the following national crises by 1820 ?
A
Outrage over the Federalist Party's disloyalty in proposing New England's secession
B
Widespread opposition to the demands of the women's rights advocates at Seneca Falls
C
The emergence of sectional tensions over the admission of the state of Missouri
D
Disbelief at the violence resulting from popular sovereignty in Kansas

The emergence of sectional tensions over the admission of the state of Missouri

"Louisiana as ceded by France is made part of the United States. Congress may make part of the United States other adjacent territories which shall be justly acquired.

"Congress may sever from the United States territory not heretofore within the United States, with consent of a majority of the free males above 21 years, inhabiting such territory."

James Madison, secretary of state, proposed constitutional amendment [not passed], 1803
Which of the following best describes a major purpose of the proposed amendment?
A
To strengthen the United States alliance with France
B
To give individual states the legal right to secede from the Union
C
To give Congress additional constitutional powers
D
To give the president more control over negotiating treaties

To give Congress additional constitutional powers

"It was painful for me, on a subject of such national importance, to differ from the respectable members who signed the Constitution; but conceiving, as I did, that the liberties of America were not secured by the system, it was my duty to oppose it.

"My principal objections to the plan are, that there is no adequate provision for a representation of the people; . . . that some of the powers of the legislature are ambiguous . . . ; that the executive is blended with, and will have an undue influence over, the legislature; that the judicial department will be oppressive; . . . and that the system is without the security of a bill of rights. These are objections which are not local, but apply equally to all the states.

"As the Convention was called for the 'sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation . . . ,' I did not conceive that these powers extend to the formation of the plan proposed; but

inability of the national government to maintain order under the Articles

The territorial changes shown in the southwestern region of the map most directly resulted from
A
treaties made with American Indian nations
B
the purchase of land from France and Spain
C
the Spanish-American War
D
the Mexican-American War

the Mexican-American War

The acquisition of territory in the southwestern region shown in the map intensified controversies in the United States about
A
granting free land in the new territories
B
rights to mineral wealth and resources in the new territories
C
extending citizenship to people already in the territories
D
allowing slavery in the new territories

allowing slavery in the new territories

Which of the following ideas contributed most directly to the territorial changes shown in the map?
A
Abolitionism
B
Manifest Destiny
C
Popular sovereignty
D
Containment

Manifest Destiny

His Catholic Majesty [of Spain] and the United States of America desiring to consolidate on a permanent basis the Friendship and good correspondence which happily prevails between the two Parties, have determined to establish by a convention several points. . . .

"Article IV

"It is likewise agreed that the Western boundary of the United States which separates them from the Spanish Colony of Louisiana, is in the middle of the channel or bed of the River Mississippi . . . ; and his Catholic Majesty has likewise agreed that the navigation of the said River in its whole breadth from its source to the Ocean shall be free only to his Subjects, and the Citizens of the United States, unless he should extend this privilege to the Subjects of other Powers by special convention. . . .

"Article XXII

"The two high contracting Parties hoping that the good correspondence and friendship which happily reigns between them will be

White farmers in Kentucky

Hail Columbia! Happy Land!
Hail ye heroes, heaven-born band,
Who fought and bled in freedom's cause,
Who fought and bled in freedom's cause,
And when the storm of war was gone,
Enjoy'd the peace your valor won—
Let Independence be our boast,
Ever mindful what it cost;
Ever grateful for the prize,
Let its altar reach the skies.
Firm, united let us be,
Rallying round our Liberty,
As a band of brothers join'd,
Peace and safety we shall find. . . .
Sound, sound the trump of fame,
Let [George] Washington's great name
Ring round the world with loud applause,
Ring round the world with loud applause,
Let every clime to freedom dear,
Listen with a joyful ear,
With equal skill, with godlike power,
He governs in the fearful hour
Of horrid war, or guides with ease,
The happier times of honest peace.
Firm, united let us be,
Rallying round our Liberty,
As a band of brothers join'd,
Peace and safety we sh

The popular image in national culture of Washington as a virtuous leader