A-level Biology CIE

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17 Terms

1
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State the two ways in which ATP are produced.

  1. Transfer of phosphate in substrate-linked reactions

  2. Chemiosmosis in the membranes of the mitochondria and chloroplasts

2
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Respiratory quotient definition.

The ratio of the number of molecules of carbon dioxide produced to the number of molecules of oxygen taken in, as a result of respiration.

3
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Where does link reaction occur?

mitochondrial matrix

4
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Where does glycolysis occur?

cytoplasm

5
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Where does Krebs cycle occur?

mitochondrial matrix

6
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Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

inner mitochondrial membrane

7
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Site of the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis.

thylakoids (thylakoid membranes and thylakoid spaces) which occur in stacks called grana

8
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Site of the light-independent stage of photosynthesis.

stroma

9
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What two reaction chains occur during the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis?

cyclic photophosphorylation and non-cyclic photophosphorylation

10
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What molecules is the Calvin cycle intermediate GP (glycerate 3-phosphate) used to produce?

amino acids

11
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What molecules is the Calvin cycle intermediate TP (triose phosphate) used to produce?

amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates

12
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What are the limiting factors of photosynthesis?

light intensity, temperature, carbon dioxide concentration

13
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How is urea produced?

From the deamination of excess amino acids.

14
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Where is urea produced?

In the liver.

15
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Ways in which rice is adapted to grow with its roots submerged in water.

  1. development of aerenchyma in roots

  2. ethanol fermentation in roots

  3. faster growth of stems

16
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What are transcription factors?

Proteins that bind to DNA and are involved in the control of gene expression in eukaryotes by decreasing or increasing the rate of transcription.

17
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Conditions where the Hardy-Weinberg principle can be applied.

  1. No natural selection

  2. Random mating

  3. No mutations

  4. No gene flow

  5. A large population