Sect. 2, Conundrum 5, William and Mary Cognitive Psychology

What areas of the brain did Clive Wearing have damage to?

Temporal and Frontal Lobes

What kind of amnesia did Clive Wearing have?

Severe Retrograde AND Anterograde Amnesia

How is Clive Wearing’s semantic memory (factual knowledge)

Poor

How is Clive Wearing’s Short Term Memory

OK

What kind of learning does Clive Wearing still show

Implicit Learning

learning without conscious awareness is what kind of learning?

Implicit Learning

What skill did Clive Wearing still possess?

Playing the piano

What kind of hallucinations did Clive Wearing have?

Auditory

What interesting memory thing happened with Clive Wearing?

he confabulates (recalls false memories)

How did Clive Wearing get amnesia?

Encephalitis

How is Clive Wearing with space and time?

He is disoriented, and believes he is awake (conscious) for the first time every few minutes

How to HM get amnesia?

Brain surgery to cure epilepsy

What part of HM’s brain was removed?

Hippocampus

What kind of amnesia did HM have?

Severe Reterograde AND Anterograde amnesia

Most of HM’s studies were conducted by who?

Susan Corkin

Which areas of the brain appear more important than others for memory processing?

Hippocampus and Temporal Cortex

How long is short term memory held for?

seconds

How long is long term memory held for?

up to years

What is Declarative/Explicit Memory?

Memory retrieved with conscious awareness

What is Non-Declarative/Implicit Memory?

Memory retrieved and possibly encoded without conscious awareness

What are the two kinds of declarative memories?

Episodic Memories and Semantic Memories

What are the kinds of Non-Declarative memories?

Procedural memories, motor skills, and habits

Who did the Multistore Model of Memory?

Atkinson and Shiffrin

Who’s memory taxonomy has STM and LTM?

Squire

What are sensory stores?

large capacity storage systems for buffering sensory info for very short periods of time, and receive info from many sensory receptor systems

According to the Multistore Model of Memory when will sensory info ve overwritten in the store?

If it does not receive attention

What is the STM store?

small capacity storage system that holds information for a short time (<20 sec) annd receives info from the sensory stores and the LTM store

When does info in the STM store decay/be overwritten?

if it is not rehearsed and transferred to the LTM store

Which case studies provide support for LTM vs STM?

HM and Clive Wearing

What suggests a double dissociation betweem STM and LTM?

amnesia patients who perform poorly on STM tasks but not on LTM tasks

Who first identified the Serial Position Effect?

Ebbinghaus (1885)

What does the serial position effect highlight?

a primacy and a recency effect when stimuli are presented in a sequence

What is the Primacy Effect?

better recall for the first few items in the list suggesting it received more rehearsal and was transferred to LTM

What is the Recency Effect?

better recall for the last few items and provides support for ST< because the info is available for immediate access without time for rehearsal

What did Shallice & Warrington report?

2 amnesia patients who performed ok on LTM tasks but performance on STM tasks was dependent of the type of STM task

What does Shallice & Warrington’s study on the 2 amnesia patients suggest?

There may be more than one form of STM used to store different types of sensory info

What concept did Baddeley replace with the working memory model?

STM

What are the 3 components of Baddeley’s working memory model?

1. phonological loop (“mind’s ear”) when you read written text

2. visuospatial sketchpad that stores visual information and their spatial locations

3. central executive determines which storage component is used and how info is passed between WM and LTM while controlling attention

2 supports for working memory model

• performing 2 STM tasks at once was most difficult when they used the same sensory modality

• different span results for different types of memory stimuli

How is STM typically assessed?

simple span tests (ex: forward digit span)

What kind of test works for testing working memory?

more complex tasks (ex: operation span task)

Why can the Working Memory Model now explain Shallice & Warrington’s findings?

non-speech sounds are not stored in the phonological buffer and their recall would not be affected by a damaged phonological loop

What does Shrager’s 2008 study suggest?

The performance difference with names and faces resulted from an inability to rehearse faces like you can with names

Amnesia patients can improve their ___ for word lists if they formed a meaningful sentence (Baddeley & Vallar)

STM

Immediate ____ recall or prose was good for amnesia patents even if they could’’t recall any of the content later (Baddeley & Wilson

STM

What new component to the Working Memory Model did Baddeley add?

Episodic Buffer

What does the Episodic Buffer do?

binds info from the visuospatial sketchpad with info from the phonological loop to provide a ‘conscious’ representation while allowing access to info from the LTM to be used by WM processes

What are the 3 Stages of Memory Processing?

1. Encoding

2. Storage

3. Retrieval

What does Encoding involve?

imput of sensory info and internally generated info into LTM

What could be an issue for amnesia patients if WM is damaged?

Encoding

Anterograde Amnesia results because…?

information is never encoded (stored in LTM)

what does Storage involve?

maintaining info in memory so it can be accessed when needed

Early models of LTM suggested storage of info was ____

passive

results from amnesia patients support the idea that LTM is _____ over time

actively changing

both HM and CW had better recall for what kind of memories

remote memories

There is a _____ linear relationship between recall and age of memories

negative

what is Ribot’s Law

more recent information is better recalled, and it can be represented as a negative linear relationship between recall and age of memories

what does Ribot’s Law reflect?

the consolidation of remote memories overtime that facilitates the recall of memories

What is the Standard Consolidation Hypothesis? (Squire)

older memories have developed more retrieval pathways over time as they connect automatically and unconsciously with old and new experiences in the associative memory networks

what is the Multiple Trace Hypothesis? (Moscovitch)

episodic memories contain more semantic content over time

Amnesia patients can typically recall which memories?

semantic memories

Claperode provided anecdotal evidence for _____ retrieval of memory information with the pin prick/hand shake experiment

implicit

Amnesia may be what kind of retrieval problem?

conscious/explicit

Examples of Explicit memory tests

general knowledge test, vocabulary, word lists, prose recall, and diary recall

Examples of Implicit memory tests

word completion, word fragment, and priming tests

how can Incidental/Implicit learning be shown?

mirror reading, mirror drawing, motor rhythms, and artificial grammar learning

According to Tulving (1982), which kind of memory has a performance decline over time?

Explicit

According to Tulving (1982), which kind of memory has stable performance over time?

Implicit

Graf (1984) showed that amnesia patients have poor performance for what kind of tests?

Explicit

Graf (1984) showed that amnesia patients have OK performance for what kind of tests?

Implicit

Recollection involves ____ while Knowing involves ____

Explicit Retrieval; Implicit Retrieval

Familiarity based recognition has a large negative peak in which part of the brain?

frontal regions

Recollection based recognition has a late positive increase (LPC) in which part of the brain?

parietal region

Curran (2006) found which drug showed the implicit familiarity ERP pattern for implicit memory when experiencing drug-induced amnesia

midazolam

In Curran’s (2006) study, patients given midazolam showed what kind of ERP pattern

implicit/familiarity

Adane’s (2012) study with amnesic patients performing memory tests suggest what?

the familiarity ‘feeling’ may be enough to explain the OK implicit memory performance of amnesia patients