APII Exam 4 Review

ICF

Which fluid compartment takes up the highest percetnage of total body water content?

Na

What is the major cation of the ECF?

Na

Which cation in the ECF exerts the most osmotic pressure?

Osmotic and hydrostatic pressures

Which forces dictate water movement between compartments?

Dry mouth and inactive salivary glands

What is one trigger of the thirst center of the hypothalamus?

Evaporation through the skin and lungs

Name one example of insensible water loss.

Chemical buffer systems

Which process of acid-base balance systems is the 1st line of defense?

Buffer system, respiratory and renal mechanisms

Which processes are part of the acid-base balance system?

Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus and starvation

Which conditions would result in metabolic acidosis?

ANP

Which hormone lowers high BP and blood volume?

Ovary

What is the primary sex organ of the female?

Seminal vesicle

Which male accessory gland secretes a fluid that makes up 70% of semen?

Bulbo-urethral glands

Which male accessory gland lubricates the external genitalia and removes urine from the semen?

Seminiferous tubules

Where are sperm produced?

LH

Which gonadotropin stimulates testosterone production in the male?

Sustentacular cells/Sertoli

Which cells envelop and nourish the developing sperm?

FSH and LH

Which hormones are gonadotropins?

LH

A surge in which hormone triggers ovulation?

GnRH

Which hormone of the reproductive systems is produced by the hypothalamus?

Corpus luteum

What is the name for the structure that fills the empty space of a rupture follicle after ovulation?

4 genetically unique cells

What are the end results of meiosis?

When the male DNA meets the female DNA (how romantic)

When is meiosis II officially complete?

Stratum basalis

Which layer of the uterine wall does not respond to hormone changes and is the basis for the layer above it?

The endometrium begins to rebuild as hormones are rising

Which description fits the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?

Both estrogen and progesterone are at their lowest

During menstruation, what is the state of sex hormone levels?

Day 14, between the proliferative and secretory phases

When does ovulation occur?

Corona radiata

What is the term for the layer of cells that surround the oocyte outside the zona pellucida?

Zona pellucida

The digestive enzymes on the sperm’s acrosome are meant to digest a path through which structure on the egg?

Chlamydia

Which STD is bacterial, asymptomatic, the most common bacterial STI in the US, and can cause sterility in women?

12-24 hours

How long can an ovulated oocyte survive in the body?

After 8 weeks

When does the embryonic period end?

Blastocyst

Which embryonic cell implants in the uterine wall?

Gestational period

What is the term meant to describe the entire pregnancy from the last menstrual period to birth, lasting approximately 280 days?

Chorion

Which of the extraembryonic membranes is the “bloody part?”

Amnion

Which term describes a sac of fluid that surrounds and provides buoyancy to the fetus in the womb?

Oxytocin

Which of the lactation hormones triggers the let-down reflex or ejection of milk from the breast?

Fetus

Who decides the baby’s due date?

Placenta

What takes over hormone production from the corpus luteum after week 8 of pregnancy?

HcG

Which hormone is secreted by the placenta and is used to detect early pregnancy?

The pubic symphysis

Relaxin relaxes which structure in preparation for birth?

Endoderm

Which germ layer makes up the epithelial linings of the digestive, reproductive, and urogenital tracts?

Ectoderm

Which germ layer makes up the skin and CNS?

Stage 2

In which stage of birth is the baby ejected?

Oxytocin and prostaglandins

Which hormones are responsible for the strong uterine contractions during childbirth?

Aldosterone

Which of these hormones is involved in body water regulation?

Homologous chromosomes separate

What occurs during anaphase I?