SPSC 222 Mismatch Patterns

Mismatch Patterns

• Syllable Structure patterns: alter the structure of a syllable/word

• Place of Articulation patterns: alter the place of articulation of a sound

• Manner of Articulation patterns: alter the manner of articulation of a sound

• Voicing patterns: alter the voicing of a sound

• Assimilation patterns: result in the sound becoming more like another

• Atypical patterns: uncommon; not seen in most children with typical speech sound development; usually seen in children with SSDs, although not exclusively

Syllable Structure Patterns

syllable Structure Patterns

• Final consonant deletion

• Cluster reduction

• Consonant sequence reduction

• Weak syllable deletion

• Coalescence (segment or syllable)

• Reduplication

• Epenthesis

Final Consonant Deletion - Typical

Final singleton consonants are deleted in words or compound words 

E.g cat -> ca

Cluster Reduction - Typical

Complex consonants are deleted from a consonant cluster in syllable-initial or syllable-final position

Prevocalic example -> snake -> sake 

Postvocalic example -> elephant -> elephat 

In syllable-final /s/ clusters, the less complex consonant may be deleted 

If both consonants are approximately similar in terms of their complexity, either may be deleted

Consonant Sequence Reduction - Typical

Deletion of a consonant in a sequence that crosses syllable or word boundaries 

Example: Helicopter -> helicopa

Weak syllable deletion - Typical

Deletion of unstressed syllable 

Example banana -> nana

Epenthesis - Typical

Insertion of a vowel, often a schwa, in consonant clusters. Does not include insertion of other phonemes in other positions (see atypical intrusive consonants, vowels, syllables) 

Example -> black -> balack

Segment Coalescence (SegCOA) - Typical

Features from two adjacent phonemes combine to form a new segment that retains features of both phonemes. 

Example: Black -> vack /v/ has labial feature of /b/ and continuant feature of /l/. Segment coalescence can involve place and manner features, but not voicing.

Syllable Coalescence - Typical

Segments from two adjacent syllables combine, with a weak vowel (and sometimes a following sonorant) being deleted

Example:  garage -> gage

Reduplication - Typical

Entire stressed syllable is repeated, or a simplified version of it 

Example: ball -> baba

Palatal Fronting/ Depalatalization - Typical

Palatal affricate or fricative is replaced by an alveolar 

Example: cage -> kadz

Velar Fronting - Typical

Velar phoneme replaced by alveolar  

Example: green -> dreen

Labialization  - Typical

Alveolar or interdental obstruents become bilabial or labiodental. NOTE: labial replacing palatal or velar is atypical (see atypical place changes) Note: [w] for /l/ is gliding, not Labialization. 

Example: three -> free

Alveolarization - Typical

Interdental consonant is replaced by alveolar consonant

Example; Thumb -> sum

Gliding of Liquids - Typical

Prevocalic liquids /r, l/ become glides [w] or [j] 

Example: rabbit -> wabbit

Gliding of Fricatives - Typical

Homorganic glide replaces a fricative in intervocalic position only (if fricatives are glided in word-initial position, this is atypical) 

Example: Television -> telewision

Stopping of Fricatives or Affricates - Typical

Fricatives or affricates become homorganic stops (i.e., same or very similar place of articulation) Stopping of palatal fricatives and affricates is just one change 

Example: Zebra -> dibra

Deaffrication - Typical

Affricates are replaced by homorganic fricative 

Example: kedʒ/ -> keʒ

Affrication of fricatives - Typical

Fricatives become homorganic affricates 

Example -> leaf -> leapf 

Prevocalic Voicing - Typical

Voiceless obstruents become voiced before a sonorant. 

Note: partial voicing is not considered an error

Example: truck -> druck

Final Devoicing - Typical

Voiced obstruents become voiceless at the end of a word or syllable. 

Note: partial devoicing is not considered an error 

Example: cage -? Katsh

Metathesis - Typical

Two consonants in a word exchange positions 

Note: if the change results in a phonotactic violation, consider it atypical 

Example: animals -> aminals 

Atypical Example: Spring -> pswing is atypical because clusters are not allowed in english

Assimilation - Typical

One phoneme takes on one or more features of another phoneme in the word: velar, alveolar, labial, palatal, nasal, liquid, fricative, continuant, etc. It may involve place and/or manner, but not voicing.

Velar Assimilation

Example: guitar -> gukar

Palatal Assimilation

Example: shovel -> shugel 

Nasal Assimilation

Example: banana -> manana

Liquid Assimilation

Example: ladder -> laler

Frication Assimilation

Example: beige -> veg

Even if assimilations involve more than one feature, they count as just one typical change 

ASSIM to place and manner: 

Example leaf -> vif

Complete ASSIM: 

Example: flag -> glag

Atypical Cluster Reduction - Atypical

In word-initial /s/ clusters, the /s/ remains and the stop or nasal is deleted. 

Example: snowman -> soman

Example: school -> sool 

Example: tree -> ree

Example: twelve -> twel

Example: skateboard -> skateboar

Example: twelve -> welve

Example: twin -> win

Initial Consonant Deletion - Atypical

Word-initial singleton consonants are deleted 

This can be evident when both elements of an initial cluster are deleted 

Example: leaf -> eaf

Example: Toy - oy

Medial (intervocalic) Consonant Deletion - Atypical

Intervocalic consonants are deleted 

Example: Ladder -> laer

Addition of consonants, vowels or syllables  - Atypical

Individual consonants, vowels, or whole syllables are added Note: not used between members of consonant clusters (see Epenthesis)

Example: spring -> springk

Migration - Atypical

A consonant is moved to another part of the word  

Example: soap -> oaps

Strong Syllable Deletion - Atypical

Syllable/ vowel with primary or secondary stress is deleted. 

Example: Basket -> ket

Glottal Replacement - Atypical

Glottal stop [ʔ] replaces a consonant (except syllable final /t/, in which case no error is counted). This is also used if a glottal stop replaces /h/ 

Example: leaf -> ʔlif or liʔ

Example: hippo -> ʔippo

Backing - Atypical

An alveolar (most often), and occasionally labial, dental, or palatal, is backed to a velar. Used when velar assimilation is not possible. 

Example: Toy -> koy

Example: banana -> ganana

Palatalization - Atypical

A non-palatal fricative or affricate (usually, but not restricted to alveolar) becomes a palatal phoneme. Used when palatal assimilation is not possible. 

Example: teeth -> teesh

Atypical Labialization - Atypical

Velar or palatal phoneme becomes labial. Used when labial assimilation is not possible. Note that alveolar or interdentals becoming labial is typical

Example: guitar -> buitar

Glide Interchange - Atypical

Interchange between /j/ and /w/. Used when complete assimilation is not possible. 

Example: yawn -> wawn 

Liquid Interchange - Atypical

Interchange between /r/ and /l/ 

Example: leaf -> reef

Denasalization - Atypical

Nasal phoneme become homorganic voiced stop

Example: Nose -> dose

Nasalization - Atypical

Non-nasal phoneme becomes homorganic nasal. Occurs only when nasal assimilation is not possible

Example: leaf -> neaf

Fricatives Replace Stops - Atypical

Fricative replaces homorganic stop. Only occurs when assimilation of fricatives is not possible

Example: toy -> soy

Liquids Replacing Glides - Atypical

Glides become liquids

Example: you -> lou

Tetism - Atypical

/f/ -> /t/ Used when assimilation to alveolar stop is not possible 

Example: leaf -> leat

Atypical Gliding of Intervocalic Consonants - Atypical

Intervocalic consonants (other than fricatives) are replaced by glides

Example: Rabbit -> rawit

Atypical Stopping of Liquids or Glides - Atypical

Glide or liquid becomes a homorganic stop. Note that place of articulation changes should be counted as separate sound changes

Example: leaf -> deaf

Prevocalic Devoicing - Atypical

Prevocalic obstruents becomes devoiced

Example: Dog -> tog

Final Voicing - Atypical

Postvocalic/final obstruents become voiced 

Example: hat -> had