Chapter 16 & 17: Education and Schools

When did mass schooling emerge?

• Mid 1800’s in industrialized countries like Canada

• Later on, worldwide

When was education declared a human right? What components?

• 1948

• Free, compulsory, universal

What 4 factor contributed to the emergence of mass schooling?

1. Printing press

2. Protestantism

3. Democracy

4. Industrialization

What are the stats for Canadian education?

• One of the most educated countries in the world

• 93% high school diploma

• 63% post-secondary degree

What three subjects can be connected to education inequality?

1. Social Class

2. Gender

3. Indigenous, Immigrant, Visible minority Status

What are the 3 models of mass education relating to Indigenous, Immigrant, Visible minority Status?

1. Assimilation Model

2. Multicultural Education

3. Anti-Racism & Anti-Oppression Education (1980’s)

What’s assimilation?

• People of difference absorb dominant culture → values. behaviors, & beliefs

What were the assumptions of multicultural education?

• Learning about one’s own/other culture will:

  • Improve educational attainment

  • Promote quality of opportunity

  • Reduce prejudice and discrimination

What were the critiques of multicultural education?

• Teachers have low knowledge of other cultures

• Other cultures are treated as monolithic, historical, and “exotic”

• Lack of attention to other’s values and beliefs

What were the goals of anti-racism and anti-oppression education?

• Expose stereotypes and racist ideas

• Critically examine sources of information

• Provide alternative and missing information

• Explore the reasons for unequal social status

What are manifest and latent functions?

• Manifest: Obvious and intended effects of social structures

• Latent: nonobvious and unintended effects of social structures

What are the two latent function categories of school?

1. Ensure economic and cultural stability (functionalism)

2. Maintain social inequality (conflict, feminist, symbolic)

How does school contribute to ensuring economic and cultural stability?

• Key agent of socialization

• Hidden curriculum: teaches kids obedience and conformity

How does school contribute to inequality?

• Access to education unequally distributed

• Rewards of education unequally distributed

• Makes a stratified system

What are the 3 social mechanisms of inequality in education?

1. Testing & tracking

2. Hidden curriculum

3. Self-fulfilling prophecies

What are self fulfilling prophecies

• Expectations that help bring about what they predict

When did mass media and social media emerge?

• Mass Media (print, tv, radio): 1800’s

• Social Media (apps, websites, internet): 1990’s

Use of mass communications varies based on ___ & across ___

• Media type

• Across time

What’s corporate concentration?

• Extent to which an industry (like media) is increasingly owned and controlled by fewer corporations

Who produces the mass media and social media consumed in Canada?

• 14/20 most followed X accounts

• 16/25 most visited websites

• 6/10 most followed TikTok creators

What is media imperialism?

• domination of a mass medium by a single national culture and the
  undermining of other national cultures

Why does media imperialism exist in Canada? (3 reasons)

1. Cost

2. CanCon regulations

3. Content preferences

What 4 functions do functionalists believe media contributes to social stability?

1. Coordination

2. Socialization

3. Social Control

4. Entertainment

What two factors do conflict theorists believe media fosters inequality?

1. Corporate Concentration

2. Broadcast beliefs and values that accept injustice and media imperialism

What do conflict theorists mean when they say media corporate concentration"?

• Less idea diversity (diff viewpoints)

• Less demographic diversity ( extent to which media represents groups)

What’s teh feminist view on mass media?

• Media fosters gender inequality

  • Portrays subordinate roles

  • Exclude issues important to women

• Believe media has the capacity to challenge gender inequality

What’s poststructuralism?

• School of thought within conflict theory

• Social structures are increasingly fluid & multiplicative

  • Wealthy and powerful have the means to create and manipulate media

  • Mass media simulate or imitate reality

What does social media encourage according to poststructuralism?

• Filter bubbles

• Truth bubbles

Give a summary of what each theory thinks of media effects.

• Functionalism: The media performs functions that contribute to social stability

• Conflict Theory: The media fosters social inequality

• Symbolic Interactionism: The media is not just produced, it is also consumed

• Feminist Theory: The media fosters gender inequality, but it also has the capacity to challenge it

• Poststructuralism: The media creates multiple realities