APUSH Unit 2 Review

Lord Baltimore

Founder of Maryland, promoted religious tolerance

Act of Toleration

Law in Maryland granting religious freedom to Christians

Roger Williams

Founder of Rhode Island, advocated for separation of church and state

Quakers

Religious group known for pacifism and equality

Puritans

Protestant group seeking to purify the Church of England

Anne Hutchinson

Puritan dissenter banished from Massachusetts for her beliefs

William Penn

Founder of Pennsylvania, promoted religious freedom and peace with Native Americans

Holy Experiment/Charter of Liberties

Penn's vision for religious freedom and democratic governance in Pennsylvania

Tobacco

Cash crop crucial to the economy of the Southern colonies

Rice Plantations

Agricultural estates in the Southern colonies specializing in rice cultivation

Jamestown

First permanent English settlement in North America

John Smith

Leader of Jamestown, implemented strict discipline to ensure survival

John Rolfe

Introduced tobacco cultivation in Jamestown, married Pocahontas

Pocahontas

Native American woman who played a role in easing tensions between settlers and natives

Separatists

Puritans who wanted to separate from the Church of England

Pilgrims

Separatist group that founded Plymouth Colony in search of religious freedom

Mayflower

Ship that carried the Pilgrims to the New World in 1620

John Winthrop

Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, famous for 'City upon a Hill' speech

Mayflower Compact

Agreement for self-government signed by the Pilgrims

House of Burgesses

First elected legislative assembly in the American colonies

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Early written constitution establishing a democratic government

Corporate colonies

Colonies operated by joint-stock companies

Royal Colonies

Colonies under direct control of the English Crown

Proprietary colonies

Colonies granted by the English Crown to individuals or groups

Chesapeake colonies

Colonial region including Virginia and Maryland

Joint-Stock company

Business entity owned by shareholders

Virginia Company Charter

Joint-stock company that established the Jamestown settlement

Indentured servants

Individuals who worked for a set period in exchange for passage to the New World

Georgia Colony

Colony founded by James Oglethorpe. Its first settlers were debtors and unfortunates( "worthy poor"). Tolerant to Christians but not Catholics. Acted as a buffer between Spanish Florida and the Carolinas.

Carolina Colony

A restoration colony. Charles I gave charters to 8 of his court favorites. They reserved estates for themselves and divided the rest up into heardrights. The earl of Shaftesbury and John Locke drew up a constitution for Carolina. 1729, it was divided into north and south.

Virginia Colony

This colony was founded in 1607. First settlement was Jamestown. Charter to stock company/royal. Tobacco was vital to its survival.

Maryland Colony

Founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore, founded to be a place for persecuted Catholics to find refuge, a safe haven, act of toleration

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Colony founded in 1630 by John Winthrop, part of the Great Puritan Migration, founded by puritans. Had a theocratic republic. "City upon a hill"

Plymouth Colony

A colony established by the English Pilgrims, or Seperatists, in 1620. The Seperatists were Puritans who abandoned hope that the Anglican Church could be reformed. Plymouth became part of Massachusetts in 1691.

New York colony

Colony founded by Dutch in 1624. Very diverse and wealthy colony. Contained the Hudson river

Rhode Island Colony

Self-governing colony founded by Roger Williams in 1636; granted freedom for all religions and non-believers; religious toleration; disestablishment, universal suffrage for white males w/property qualifications; most democratic

Pennsylvania Colony

Colony formed from the "Holy Experiment"; settled by Quakers. Founded by William Penn, who bought land from the Native Americans. Allowed religious freedom

Headright System

Employed in the tobacco colonies to encourage migration and the importation of indentured servants, the system allowed an individual to acquire fifty acres of land if he paid for a laborer's passage to the colony.

Tuscarora War

The Tuscarora War (1711) was a fight between North Carolina settlers and the Tuscarora tribe. With help from South Carolina, the settlers defeated the Tuscarora, sold many into slavery, and the rest fled north to join the Iroquois Confederacy.

What characterized Spanish colonization in the Americas (1607–1754)?

Settled in South/Central America, Caribbean, and Southwest; economy based on mining, farming, encomienda, and slavery; royal control + Catholic Church; caste system, intermarriage, forced conversion of natives.

What characterized French colonization in the Americas?

Settled in Mississippi River, Great Lakes, and Canada; economy focused on fur trade, small settlements, trading posts, and Jesuit missions; looser government, cooperative with natives, money-driven; small population with little rigid social structure.

What characterized English colonization in the Americas?

Settled along Atlantic coast (New England + Chesapeake); economy based on tobacco plantations, indentured servants, slavery, and trade; political structures like House of Burgesses + royal colonies; families migrated, religious uniformity, structured society with slavery.

Corporate colonies

Colonies operated by a joint stock company

Royal colony

Colonies under the direct authority and the rule of the king's government

Proprietary colonies

Colonies under the authority of individuals who had been granted charters of ownership from the king