TOEFL 13 Resources / Energy

fossil fuel; fossil fuel energy; Why do we rely on fossil fuel for power?; We rely on fossil fuel to generate reliable industrial energy.

化石燃料; 化石燃料

mineral; mineral resource; Where can miners extract a mineral resource?; Miners extract a mineral resource from underground geological deposits.

礦物; 礦物資源

ore; metal ore; How do smelters process a metal ore?; Smelters heat a metal ore to extract pure elemental metal.

礦石; 金屬礦石

coal mine; deep coal mine; What do workers extract inside a coal mine?; Workers extract solid carbon energy fuel inside a coal mine.

煤礦; 深層煤礦

extraction; mineral extraction; Why does mineral extraction require strict environmental controls?; Mineral extraction disturbs local ecosystems and requires wastewater management.

抽取、開採、萃取; 礦物開採

reserves; oil reserves; How do nations monitor strategic oil reserves?; Nations track underground oil reserves to ensure long-term energy security.

儲量; 石油儲量

depletion; resource depletion; What strategy slows down resource depletion?; Recycling and efficiency strategies slow down rapid resource depletion.

(資源等的)耗盡、枯竭; 資源枯竭

smelter; metal smelter; How hot does a metal smelter get during operation?; A metal smelter reaches extreme temperatures to melt crude ore.

冶煉廠; 金屬冶煉廠

blast furnace; iron blast furnace; How does an iron blast furnace produce crude iron?; An iron blast furnace melts iron ore using coke combustion heat.

高爐、鼓風爐; 鐵高爐

petroleum; crude petroleum; How is crude petroleum processed into usable fuels?; Crude petroleum undergoes fractional distillation in refineries.

石油; 原油

oil pool; underground oil pool; Where is an underground oil pool trapped?; An underground oil pool accumulates beneath impermeable caprock.

油層(= oil reservoir); 地下油層

oil field; productive oil field; What infrastructure develops a productive oil field?; A productive oil field installs dozens of pumping wells and pipelines.

油田; 高產油田

drilling; offshore drilling; Why is offshore drilling technically complex?; Offshore drilling operates floating platforms in deep marine environments.

鑽井; 海洋鑽井

tanker; oil tanker; How much cargo can a large oil tanker transport?; An oil tanker carries millions of gallons of crude across oceans.

(裝載石油、天然氣等的)大型船舶; 石油輪

refining; petroleum refining; What products emerge from petroleum refining?; Gasoline, diesel, and plastics emerge from petroleum refining.

精煉; 石油精煉

kerosene; aviation kerosene; What engine type burns aviation kerosene cleanly?; Turbine engines burn specialized aviation kerosene for thrust.

煤油; 航空煤油

gasoline; unleaded gasoline; Why do modern cars require unleaded gasoline?; Modern engines run efficiently and cleanly on unleaded gasoline.

汽油(= petrol); 無鉛汽油

petrochemical; petrochemical industry; What raw materials feed the petrochemical industry?; Refined petroleum fractions feed the petrochemical industry.

石油化學的; 石油化學工業

generator; electric generator; How does an electric generator convert motion into power?; An electric generator spins copper coils through magnetic fields.

發電機; 發電機

power plant; thermal power plant; Where is a thermal power plant usually sited?; A thermal power plant sits near cooling water sources and fuel supplies.

發電廠; 發電廠

waterpower; river waterpower; How does river waterpower drive turbines?; Flowing river waterpower turns submerged hydraulic runner blades.

水力; 河流水力

thermal power plant; coal thermal power plant; What fuel feeds a traditional thermal power plant?; Coal or gas fuels a traditional thermal power plant.

熱力發電; 燃煤熱力發電

hydroelectricity; clean hydroelectricity; How renewable is clean hydroelectricity generation?; Clean hydroelectricity harnesses flowing water with low direct emissions.

水力電; 清潔水力電

tidal power generation; coastal tidal power generation; What drives tidal power generation twice daily?; Gravitational tides drive tidal power generation through coastal gates.

潮汐發電; 沿海潮汐發電

wind power generation; turbine wind power generation; How do blades optimize wind power generation?; Aerodynamic blades capture kinetic flow for wind power generation.

風力發電; 風力發電

solar power generation; photovoltaic solar power generation; How do panels capture solar power generation?; Silicon photovoltaic cells capture sunlight for solar power generation.

太陽能發電; 太陽能發電

blackout; regional blackout; What causes a sudden regional blackout in summer?; Peak overload or line failure triggers a sudden regional blackout.

停電; 區域停電

alternative energy; renewable alternative energy; Why invest in renewable alternative energy sources?; Renewable alternative energy reduces greenhouse gas emissions.

替代能源; 可再生替代能源

ethanol fuel; corn ethanol fuel; How is corn ethanol fuel blended into transport?; Corn ethanol fuel mixes into standard automotive gasoline supplies.

乙醇燃料; 玉米乙醇燃料

geothermal energy; deep geothermal energy; How does deep geothermal energy generate electricity?; Underground steam drives turbines using deep geothermal energy.

地熱能; 深層地熱能