BIO 211 Test 4 Study Guide Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards based on the BIO 211 Test 4 Study Guide.

Primary function of the Urinary System

Cleansing the blood and ridding the body of wastes.

Secondary functions of the Urinary System

pH regulation, Blood pressure regulation, Erythrocyte concentration regulation, Vitamin D synthesis.

Function of the urethra

Passes urine from bladder to outside of the body.

Function of the urinary bladder

Reservoir and Expulsion/Voiding.

Function of the ureters

Transport urine from the kidney to the bladder.

Renal Hilum (External)

Vessels that exit and enter each kidney at the depression on the concave medial border. Ureter, Renal Artery, Renal Vein, Nerves, Lymphatics.

Nephron

The microscopic functional unit of the kidney.

Renal Corpuscle

The filtration unit of the nephron, Bowman’s Capsule, Glomerulus.

Function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus

Monitors stretch on the walls of the arteriole and monitor ion concentration.

Filtration

The process by which the blood running through the kidney has removed from it, water, ions, wastes, amino acids, sugars, etc.

Reabsorption

The process by which most of those items that were filtered during filtration are returned to the bloodstream.

Concentration

The process by which much of the original filtrate volume that was removed from the blood is reduced down to a very much concentrated version by an interplay between sodium ions and water.

Secretion

The process by which things that were not originally filtered and remained in the blood after filtration has taken place, can be removed from the blood and put into the filtrate to be excreted as urine.

Function of ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)

Reabsorption of water and reduce urine volume.

Function of ANH (Atrial Natriuretic Hormone)

Causes sodium and water loss from the kidney to reduce blood volume.

Function of Parathyroid Hormone

Reduce calcium loss.

fucntion of Aldosterone

Regulate sodium and potassium levels in the blood, thereby controlling fluid balance and blood pressure.

Role of the kidneys in Vitamin D synthesis

Vitamin D is produced in the skin but activated in the kidneys.

How blood pressure is regulated by the kidneys

Adjusts ion and water volume concentration, volume adjustments to the blood affect blood pressure.

How osmolarity and pH regulated by the kidneys

Adjustments to ion retention or excretion such as sodium and potassium, and hydrogen and bicarbonate, affect the concentration and pH of bodily fluids.

Essential organ (gonad) of the male reproductive system

The testes.

Functions of the male reproductive system

Sperm production, Maturation of sperm, Androgen production, Transfer of sperm to female reproductive tract.

Why are the testes located outside the body?

Temp regulation, they need to be 2-4 C lower than normal body temp.

Function of the testes

Sperm and testosterone production.

Function of the acrosome

Contains lysozyme (enzymes that help the sperm penetrate).

Function of the midpiece of a sperm

Contains many mitochondria to produce energy.

Function of the tail of the sperm

To propel.

Needs to be alkaline, why seminal fluid

The fluid is alkaline, to help raise the acidic pH found in the vaginal tract, and also helps to coagulate semen, and then de-coagulate it.

Function of the thick, salty fluid

Cleanses the male urethra after arousal and before ejaculation.

Functions of testosterone in males

Promotes spermatogenesis, muscle development, bone growth, development of secondary sex characteristics (thyroid cartilage enlargement, voice deepening, body hair growth…) and maintains the sex drive.

Essential organ (gonad) of the female reproductive system

The ovaries.

Functions of the female reproductive system

Oocyte production (Egg), Oocyte expulsion, Androgen production, Receive sperm from the male tract, Provide a place for fertilization, Provide a place for embryo and fetus development, Nourish the baby upon birth.

Function of the Bartholin’s glands

Lube.

Fertilized egg

Zygote.

Mons pubis

Structures of the vulva fat pad covered with hair over the pubic bone.

Ovulation

Expulsion of the mature oocyte/ovum.

Hormone that the corpus luteum produce

Progesterone.

Function of the uterine/fallopian tubes

Conduct the oocyte from the ovary to the uterus.

Effect of estrogen on the endometrium

Growth.

Effect of progesterone on the endometrium

Maintains it.

Part of the endometrium is shed during menses

functionalis.

Function of the mammary gland

Lactation.

Menses phase

Declining progesterone levels, caused by the degeneration of the corpus luteum into the corpus albicans in the ovaries, bring on the shedding (Estrogen levels decline).

Proliferative phase

Estrogen levels increase and the lining builds again.

Secretory phase

The uterine lining is maintained while glands in the functionalis secrete glycogen-rich fluid that will nourish the zygote if fertilization has taken place and it implants.

Lactation

Breast milk production.

Menopause

Reduced levels of estrogen and progesterone.

Why hormones bind only to specific cells (target cells/organs)

Receptors.

Up-regulation and down-regulation of target cell receptors

Processes that target cells use to adjust their sensitivity to hormones by changing the number of receptors they have for that specific hormone.

Anterior Pituitary Gland hormones, their target organ, and their functions.

Growth Hormone- bone and muscle growth Prolactin: Lactation Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (Thyrotropin)Causes the release of Thyroid hormone Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (Corticotropin):Targets cells in the adrenal cortex, Stimulates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol (glucocorticoid) Follicle Stimulating Hormone: Sperm/egg production/ follicle growth Luteinizing Hormone: Testostrone production, Ovulation Melanocyte-stimulating hormone- produces melanin.

Hormone of the Parathyroid Gland

Releases Parathyroid hormone which raises blood calcium levels. Target cells for PTH: Bones, Kidneys, Intestines

Alpha (α) cells

Act to increase blood glucose levels (secrete glucagon).

Beta (β) cells

Act to decrease blood glucose levels (secrete insulin).