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Ten Percent Plan of Reconstruction
Lincoln offered amnesty and full restoration of rights (except for slaves) to nearly all white southerners who took an oath affirming loyalty to the Union and support for emancipation. When 10% of the voters of 1860 had taken the oath, they could elect a new state government required to abolish slavery.
Wade Davis Bill
The Radical Republicans’ 1864 plan for reconstruction that required at least 50% of a state’s white males to make a loyalty oath to the United States, abolition of slavery, and denial of political rights to high-ranking Confederate officials. President Lincoln refused to sign the bill.
Thirteenth Amendment
Approved by Congress on January 31, 1865, this amendment abolished slavery throughout the Union and was ratified on December 6, 1865.
Freedmen’s Bureau
A federal agency created to assist freed slaves and poor whites in the South during the Reconstruction era.
Sharecropping
A system where former slaves and poor whites would farm land owned by someone else in exchange for a share of the crops produced.
Crop lien
A credit system used by sharecroppers and farmers in the South that allowed them to obtain supplies on credit, secured against future crop production.
Black Codes
Laws passed by Southern states in 1865 and 1866 that restricted the rights of freedmen and ensured the continuation of racial discrimination.
Radical Republicans
A faction of the Republican party led by Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens that aimed to establish equal rights for all, challenging Lincoln’s 10% plan and advocating for harsher measures against the South.
Civil Rights Bill of 1866
Legislation aimed at protecting the civil rights of African Americans and counteracting the Black Codes.
Fourteenth Amendment
One of the Reconstruction Amendments that grants citizenship and equal protection under the law to all persons born or naturalized in the United States.
Reconstruction Act of 1867
Legislation that divided the South into five military districts and outlined the process for readmitting Southern states into the Union.
Tenure of Office Act
A law intended to restrict the President's power to remove certain office-holders without the Senate's approval.
Impeachment
The process by which a sitting president can be charged with misconduct, which led to Andrew Johnson's trial.
Fifteenth Amendment
An amendment that prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen's right to vote based on
Carpetbaggers
Northerners who moved to the South after the Civil War, often perceived as exploiting the region's misfortune.
Scalawags
Southern whites who supported Reconstruction and the Republican Party, often labeled as traitors by other Southerners.
Ku Klux Klan
A secret society formed in the South post-Civil War that used terror and violence to intimidate African Americans and those who supported Reconstruction.
Enforcement Acts
Laws passed in the early 1870s aimed at combating the violence perpetrated by the Ku Klux Klan and protecting the civil rights of African Americans.
Civil Rights Act of 1875
Legislation that aimed to guarantee equal treatment in public accommodations and prevent discrimination based on race.
Redeemers
Southern Democrats who sought to regain control of the South from Republican rule during Reconstruction, promoting white supremacy.
Bargain of 1877
An informal agreement that resulted in the end of Reconstruction and the withdrawal of federal troops from the South.
New South
The post-Reconstruction South that advocated for industrialization and economic diversification, moving away from reliance on agriculture.
Kansas Exodus
The migration of African Americans from the South to Kansas in the late 19th century, seeking better opportunities and freedom.
‘Atlanta Compromise’
A speech by Booker T. Washington in 1895 advocating for vocational training for African Americans and a temporary acceptance of segregation.
Grandfather Clause
A legal mechanism that allowed individuals to bypass literacy tests or property requirements for voting if their grandfathers had the right to vote before the Civil War.
Disenfranchisement
The revocation of the right to vote from certain groups, particularly African Americans in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Plessy v. Ferguson
An 1896 Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the 'separate but equal' doctrine.
‘separate but equal’
A legal doctrine established by Plessy v. Ferguson that permitted racial segregation as long as the separate facilities were equal.
Lynching
The extrajudicial killing of individuals, particularly African Americans, by mobs in the South, often to maintain white supremacy.
The Lost Cause
A narrative that glorifies the Confederate cause and seeks to romanticize the antebellum South and its leaders.
