Communications Midterm

How we have come to understand communication has NOT changed over time.  Scholars have used the same linear model to understand the communication process since the 1950s.

False

\n If you remain silent with an unexpressive "poker face," you are not communicating.

False

The number of people interacting is one way to identify communication as interpersonal. What is the other?

The quality of the interaction

Competent communication is the ability to achieve goals in a manner that is both __________ and appropriate.

effective

Self-monitoring is not desirable and should be avoided at all costs. 

false

In contrast to payoffs that have little to do with the people involved, interpersonal communication offers ____________.

intrinsic rewards

A nurse is updating your medical history at the hospital before you see the doctor. What do social scientists call your interaction with the nurse?

dyad

Most relationships are either highly interpersonal or entirely impersonal. 

false

Communication can solve any problem.

false

You note with concern the interviewer’s frown as you explain why you left your last job. This scenario demonstrates which principle of communication?

Communication is transactional.

Technology works best to connect us with others when it's used as a __________ for face-to-face communication.

supplement

Most social media users are aware of approximately how many people in their audience.

25 percent

Firing off a hostile email with no concern for the consequences is an example of __________.

disinhibition

Which is an example of synchronous communication?

Skype call

At 55, Julia is applying for a supervisor's position in a technology company where the management team is all in their 30s. What type of interview might she prefer in this situation?

An online interview that may minimize the perception of differences due to gender, social class, race or ethnicity, and age

Despite weekly lunches, you feel that you and a close friend are drifting apart. So, in addition to texting and posting on her Facebook wall, you decide to phone and email her occasionally. This behavior is consistent with which theory?

Media multiplexity

Mediated channels are richer than face-to-face communication.

false

Asking yourself whether you would deliver the same message in person helps you follow which guideline for competence in mediated communication?

keep your tone civil

Despite weekly lunches, you feel that you and a close friend are drifting apart. So, in addition to texting and posting on her Facebook wall, you decide to phone and email her occasionally. This behavior is consistent with which theory?

media multiplexity

Any type of communication occurring via a technological channel is a form of __________ communication.

mediated

Why is “a person who is deaf” a better description than “a deaf person”?

The first description treats the disability as one feature rather than the defining feature of a person.

Tarin is black, gay, and Mormon. Disclosing his sexual orientation on social media could feel particularly risky because he is a member of multiple __________.

co-cultures

In countries that welcome uncertainty, people have a strong need for clearly defined rules and regulations.

false

____________ is the weight we attach to a particular person or phenomenon in interaction between people from different cultures.

Salience

Low-context cultures, such as the United States, tend to value and emphasize ____________.

straight talk

Code-switchers ____________.

adapt their manner of speaking to the situation or context.

Cooper and Andrew, who are visiting Mexico together for the first time,  stereotype the locals and complain about hotels and restaurants that they feel don't measure up to American standards. Which quality that helps develop intercultural communication competence are they most evidently lacking?

Open-mindedness

When an American answers the question “Who am I?” by citing personal factors, while a Chinese person answers the same question by identifying groups in which she/he is a member, they are expressing value differences associated with ____________.

individualism versus collectivism

According to cross-cultural research, who might be expected to be comfortable with the smallest zone of personal space?

Maria from Mexico City

In North American society, categories such as age, ethnicity, race, gender, sexual orientation, physical disabilities, and religion are all considered ____________.

co-cultures

As defined by social scientists, significant others are people ____________.

whose evaluations are especially influential on us

Compared to everyone else in her physics class, Julia thinks she is smart. This is an example of how ___________ can define our ___________.

reference groups/self-concept

After five weeks of dating, Terri concludes she knows next to nothing about her boyfriend, James, even though she has shared a wealth of personal information about herself. At this point in their relationship, disclosure is not ____________.

reciprocal

Which of the following assertions is supported by research on development of the self-concept?

While some features of the self are immediately apparent, the significance we attach to them depends greatly on the opinions of others.

Statements that allow the speaker to avoid telling the truth without literally lying are statements of _____.

Equivocation

Communication researchers use the term ____________ to describe the choices people make to reveal or conceal information about themselves.

privacy management

Melanie always looks forward to visiting the hair salon. Ramone is a talented stylist, but she also likes talking to him about her opinions and feelings, discussions in which she typically gains some new insight. Which benefit of self-disclosure does Melanie enjoy in this situation?

Self-clarification

Which theoretical model describes relationships in terms of breadth and depth of self-disclosure?

Social penetration

“Your self-concept is a reflection of the messages you've received throughout your life—both in person and via social media.” This assertion is most closely related to which of the following concepts?

Reflected appraisal

Even though others disagree, Diandra thinks of herself as a tremendously effective communicator. She reinforces this image by surrounding herself with people who are quite shy and socially naive. Diandra's handling of this situation provides an example of ___________.

social comparison

Long-married, happy couples may distort facts about their relationship, but they share similar stories. This reveals that ____________.

shared narratives don't have to be accurate to be powerful

In discussion after the first day of class, Jesse and Kareem both clearly recalled that their new physics professor had said, “Taking this class in a seven week summer course will be a challenge,” but they disagreed about what their professor meant by this statement. This is due to differences in ____________.

second-order realities

The ____________ is our tendency to pay more attention to, and to better recall, things that happen first in a sequence.

primacy effect

Discussions of masculinity and femininity focus on ____________.

gender

*Perceptual schema* (or “cognitive frameworks”) are involved in which stage of the perception process?

organization

\n A form of organization used to identify causes and effects in a series of interactions is called ____________.

punctuation

When Natalia attributed her failing a history exam to poorly written test questions, her judgment was affected by ____________.

self-serving bias

Which step of the perception process involves noticing some messages while ignoring others?

selection

Snap judgments are often based on ____________.

stereotypes

Referring to a 1940s film classic, ____________ refers to the manipulation and control of another's perceptions.

gaslighting

The Sapir–Whorf hypothesis is associated with ___________.

linguistic relativity

A block signature indicating that a text message was typed on a mobile device is an example of ____________.

impression management

In addition to gender, occupation and ____________ are important influences on language.

power

Which of the following statements is an example of a disclaimer?

“I don't mean to sound critical, but he is not doing his fair share of teamwork.”

When her professor hands back her term paper and says, “Meet me in my office after class. We need to talk,” Dahlia's stomach lurches, a reaction influenced by which rule of language?

pragmatic

The Ogden and Richards “triangle of meaning” demonstrates which of the following principles?

Meanings are in people, not words.

The notion that words are arbitrary and have no meaning in themselves refers to which characteristic of language?

symbolic

\n ____________ language consists of words and phrases that have more than one commonly accepted definition.

Ambiguous

Euphemisms are ____________.

innocuous terms substituted for blunt ones

“I got angry when I heard you tell your sister that I had lost my job.” Which type of statement is missing from this assertive message?

A description of the consequences the other's behavior has for you

At which distance can you keep someone “at arm's length”?

personal

Nonverbal messages serve both practical and ___________ functions.

social

____________ is a prejudice that involves giving preferential treatment based on a person's physical appearance.

lookism

Flexible schedules in which multiple tasks are pursued at one time are ____________.

polychronic

A liar's true feelings are sometimes displayed in brief, unconscious displays called ____________.

\n

microexpressions

Jessica notices that her partner, Jamie, is uncharacteristically quiet during dinner. Despite their long history as a couple, she does not know how to interpret this silence due to which characteristic of nonverbal communication?

Ambiguity

Jada, a PR executive, likes to meet clients in her office, where her diplomas and awards are prominently displayed. This encourages a good impression based on ____________.

setting

Nonverbal messages are best at communicating ____________.

feelings

All semester long Benjamin has sat in the second seat in the second row in his economics class. One day he enters class on time to discover Mateo sitting in this seat, which greatly upsets Benjamin. What type of nonverbal communication is Benjamin displaying?

Territoriality

Research indicates that compared to men, women typically ____________.

use more facial expression, touch others more, stand closer to others

When discussing where they should eat out, Angela says she would like to go somewhere nice for a change. Stephen responds with sarcasm as he thinks Angela is implying that he is cheap when in fact she just got a raise and simply wants to celebrate. This exchange illustrates a low degree of ____________.

listening fidelity

Which adjective would be most closely associated with mindful listening?

Thoughtful

As a rule of thumb, it's probably wise to begin with which of these listening responses?

Silent listening

A bombardment of messages in face-to-face interaction, and from the Internet, the media, cell phones and other sources constitutes which barrier to listening?

Information overload

Friends have told Spencer that they've seen his girlfriend on what looked like dates with someone else, but Spencer never seems to hear what they are saying. Spencer is likely a(n) ____________.

insulated listener

The first component in the process of listening is ____________.

hearing

Although we're capable of understanding speech at rates up to 600 words per minute, the average person speaks much more slowly, around __________ words per minute.

100/140

Susan's English professor thinks that she is always listening to her lectures because she makes eye contact, nods, and take notes. In reality, Susan is using the class time to catch up on her personal diary. Susan is guilty of ____________.

pseudolistening

Taking innocent comments as personal attacks and projecting your own insecurities onto others is which type of poor listening behavior?

Defensive listening

Interpersonal listening is defined as the process of receiving and ____________ others' messages.

responding to

Sean criticized his boss, Marita, to another employee, Chris, who shared his negative appraisal of Marita with her at the office Christmas party. Marita responded by listing Sean's professional inadequacies. This is an example of ____________ conflict.

destructive symmetrical

Amy is concerned with behaving honorably and employing face-saving approaches to conflict. What kind of culture is Amy likely from?

Collectivistic

What does research reveal about men and women in conflict?

Men may avoid conflict to stay out of harm's way—but in doing so, they might create greater relational problems with the women they date.

Jeff tells his girlfriend he wants to see a new action movie but accepts her choice of a romantic comedy. This is an example of ____________.

accommodation

Jodi finds her brother-in-law, Cameron, irritating, but she can't avoid interacting with him because he is married to her sister. This reflects which characteristic of conflict?

Interdependence

Swearing, teasing, ridicule, nonverbal emblems, and threats are all types of ____________.

direct aggression

From which source is a decision most likely to be sought to help settle a major dispute in a third-party intervention?

arbitrator

What has research revealed about culture and conflict?

The Japanese notion of self-restraint is reflected in the important concept of *wa,* or harmony.

Crazymaking is the result of which conflict style?

Passive aggression

It is important when ____________ to prohibit criticism of any idea, no matter how odd it may sound.

brainstorming

____________ provides the best chance of repairing a seriously damaged relationship.

apology

Which internal struggle, a dialectic *within* a relationship, embodies the conflicting desires for integration and separation?

Connection-autonomy

“Rewards – Costs = Outcome” is a formula for relationships identified by which theory?

Social exchange

Which is the opening stage of all relationships, not just romantic ones?

Initiating

Which of the following maintenance strategies is used most often with friends and family?

Openness

Which of the following is a type of social support?

Instrumental

The old saying “opposites attract” suggests which reason for forming relationships?

Complementarity

One study found that similar values about ____________ and ____________ are the best predictors of mate choice.

politics/religion

In the ____________ stage, a relationship is a shell of its former self. No growth occurs, and relational boredom sets in.

stagnating

Which of the following statements is an example of metacommunication?

“You never ask me about my day at work when we're having dinner.”