moral development, gender & sexual orientation

6.6, 6.7

lawrence kohlberg

theory of moral development:

preconventional morality

punishment-obedience orientation + instrumental-exchange orientation

punishment obedience orientation

morality = what you can get away with
fear of punishment, rewards important

instrumental exchange orientation

focus on following rules, driven by self-interest and external reward

conventional morality

good-child orientation + law and order orientation

good child orientation

good and bad is driven by social approval and external reward

law and order orientation

morality is set by what is legal/rules in place

post conventional morality

social contract orientation + universal ethics orientation

social contract orientation

morality is focused on rules and laws, with the acknowledgement that people > laws/rules

universal ethics orientation

acknowledgement that moral reasoning is complicated; not all laws may be good
morality driven by internal principles

carol gilligan

criticised kohlberg for his studies that only applied to men
discovered women focused morality on interpersonal relationships compared to men’s focus on justice

sex

either of the two categories (male or female) into which most organisms are divided

gender roles

expectations about the way men and women behave

vary across cultures as well as over time

gender identity

 sense of being male or female (how you identify yourself)

gender-typed

what you learn or do in order to be masculine of feminine
can be through your own cognitive processes, but often times through the observation of others