CHAPTER 11 —> Industries

Cottage Industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution (textile manufacturing).

Industrial revolution

series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods; began in the 1700s in the United Kingdom.

Britain

hearth of the industrial revolution

Animate power

Power supplied by animals or by people

Biomass fuel

Fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste

Fossil fuels

a natural fuel such as coal or gas, formed in the geological past from the remains of living organisms.

3 major Fossil Fuels

coal, oil, natural gaS

North Eastern - Spain

Cheap labor, manufacturing and close to W Euro

East Asia

Cheap Labor used by American manufacturing

New England

Hearth of American industrial region, now consists of skilled labor

Ural Industrial District

1000 types of minerals are mined here

Rhine Ruhr Valley

Europe's Iron ore steel region, and has the world's largest port city, Rotterdam

St Petersburg Region

Russia's breakbulk point ship building textiles and chemicals

Mid Rhine

European's most important consumer market

Pittsburg Lake Erie

American steel industry

Middle Atlantic

Largest US market

Mohawk Valley

Inexpensive Hydro electric region generated at nearby Niagara Falls

Central Industrial District

Russia's oldest industrial region centered around Moscow and produces 1/4 of the country's industrial output

Western Great Lakes

Auto, food and main transportation break of bulk point

Situational Factors

Factors that involve transporting materials to and from the factory

Site Characteristics

Result from the unique characteristics of a location (land, labor, capital)

Inputs

the resources—such as labor, money, materials, and energy—that are converted into outputs

Raw Materials

Unprocessed natural products used in production.

Bulk-Reducing Industry

An industry in which the final product weighs less or comprises a lower volume than the inputs.

Copper mine

bulk reducing

Bulk-Gaining Industry

An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the inputs.

Auto and Soda

Examples of bulk gaining

Perishable Products

newspaper, milk, horticulture

Break-of-Bulk Point

A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another.

Capital

Wealth in the form of money or other assets owned by a person or organization or available or contributed for a particular purpose such as starting a company or investing.

Labor-Intensive Industry

An industry for which labor costs comprise a high percentage of total expenses.

Just-in-time delivery

Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed

Textiles

Woven fabrics

Mini Mills

Steel mill thats uses scrap metal as starting material (recycle)

Proven Reserve

The amount of a resource remaining in discovered deposits.

Potential Reserves

The amount of a resource in deposits not yet identified but thought to exist

Fracking

Pumping water at high pressure to further break apart rocks and thereby release more gas that can be extracted.

Nonrenewable Energy

A source of energy that is a finite supply capable of being exhausted.

Renewable energy

A resource that has a theoretically unlimited supply and is not depleted when used by humans.

Geothermal Energy

Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks.

Passive Solar Energy Systems

Solar energy systems that collect energy without the use of mechanical devices.

Active Solar Energy Systems

Solar energy systems that collects energy through the use of mechanical devices such as photovoltaic cells or flat-plate collectors

Pollution

Addition of more waste than a resource can accommodate.

Air Pollution

the contamination of the atmosphere by the introduction of pollutants from human and natural sources

Greenhouse Effect

The anticipated increase in Earth's temp. caused by carbon dioxide trapping some of the radiation emitted by the surface.

Acid Precipitation (Acid Rain)

precipitation high in sulfuric acid and nitric acid from reactions between water vapor and sulfur and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere

Point source pollution

Pollution that enters a body of water from a specific source.

Nonpoint Source Pollution

Pollution that originates from a large, diffuse area.

International Division of Labor

The process where the assembing procedures for a product are spread out through different parts of the world

Outsourcing

A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers.

Vertical integration

An approach typical of traditional mass production in which a company controls all phases of production.

Maquiladora

A factory built by a US company in Mexico near the US border to take adv of much lower labor costs.

BRIC Countries

Brazil, Russia, India, China

Right-to-work law

A US law that prevents a union & a company from a negotiating contract that requires workers to join a union.

Fordist Production

Form of mass production in which each worker is assigned one specific task to perform repeatedly.

Assembly Line

In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product.

Post-Fordist Production

Adoption by companies of flexible work rules, such as the allocation of workers to teams that perform a variety of tasks.

Remanufacturing

The rebuilding of a product to specifications of the original manufactured product using a combinaiton of reused, repaired and new parts

Location Theory

Firms choose locations that maximize their profits and individuals choose location that maximize their utility.

Substitution Principle

The substitution of a product, service, or process to another that is more efficient or beneficial in some way with the same functionality.

Site Factors

land, labor and capital

Site factor dealing with $$$

Capital

Intraregional relocation of US manufacturing

Suburbs

Interregional relocation of US manufacturing

South because of Sunbelt and RT to work laws

Industuries that use just in time delivery

Computer and Auto industry

Industries associated with hydro electric

aluminum, chemicals, textiles

Break-a-Bulk Point

A location where transfer is possible from one mode of transportation to another, facilitating the distribution of goods.

silicon valley

A region in California known for its high concentration of technology companies and innovation, particularly in the computer and electronics industries.