AP Chemistry Exam

Tetrahedral

Atoms Touching:4
Lone Pairs:0

Bond Angle: 109.5

Trigonal Pyramidal

Atoms Touching: 3
Lone Pairs: 1

Bond Angle:~109.5

Bent

Atoms Touching: 2
Lone Pairs: 2

Bond Angle:~109.5

Trigonal Planar

Atoms Touching: 3
Lone Pairs: 0

Bond Angle: 120

Bent / Angular

Atoms Touching: 2
Lone Pairs: 1

Bond Angle:~120

Linear

Atoms Touching: 2
Lone Pairs: 0

Bond Angle: 180

Trigonal Bipyramidal

Atoms Touching: 5
Lone Pairs: 0

Bond Angle: 90 & 120

See-Saw

Atoms Touching: 4
Lone Pairs: 1

Bond Angle:~90 & 120

T-Shaped

Atoms Touching: 3
Lone Pairs: 2

Bond Angle: <90

Octahederal

Atoms Touching: 6
Lone Pairs: 0

Bond Angle: 90

Square Pyramidal

Atoms Touching: 5
Lone Pairs: 1

Bond Angle:~90

Square Planar

Atoms Touching: 4
Lone Pairs: 2

Bond Angle: 90

Hydrogen Bonding

Molecules containing O-H, N-H, or F-H bonds

Ionic Bonding

Occurs between a metal and a nonmetal when electrons are transferred, forming ions that attract each other

Covalent Bonding

Involves the sharing of electrons between nonmetals

Metallic Bonding

Characterizes metals, where valence electrons are delocalized and shared among all atoms

Polar Covalent Bonds

Form when electrons are shared unequally due to differences in electronegativity, resulting in partial charges on the bonded atoms

London Dispersion Forces

Weak, temporary attractions between all molecules due to temporary dipoles

Microwave Radiation

Causes Rotation of Molecules

Infrared Radiation

Causes Vibration of Molecules

UV / Visible Radiation

Causes electrons to transition to different energy levels

Solubility Rules

S- Sodium Na+
N- Nitrate NO3-
A - Ammonium NH4+
P- Potassium K+

Bond Enthalpies

H = Bonds Broken - Bonds Formed

(left - right side)

Strong Acids

HCl
HBr
HI
HNO3
H2SO4
HClO4

Strong Bases

Group 1 and 2 Hydroxides
LiOH
NaOH
KOH
Ca(OH)2
Sr(OH)2
Ba(OH)2

Dilution Equation

M1V1 = M2V2

Titration Equation

MaVa=MbVb

Titration Curves

@ Half-equivalence point, pH=pKa

Percent Error

|Calculated Answer - Correct Answer|/correct answer x 100

H<0

exothermic

H>0

endothermic

G<0

TDF

G>0

Non TDF

Thermodynamically Favored

H S
– + All temperatures
+ – Never
+ + At higher temperatures
– – At lower temperatures

Red Cat and An OX

Reduction takes place at cathode
Oxidation takes place at the anode

OIL RIG

Oxidation is Losing
Reduction is Gaining

Salt Bridge

Anions to Anode, Cations to Cathode