Chapter 20: Cardiovascular System -The Heart

Which of the following terms identifies the anatomical region found between the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm?

a) Epicardium

b) Abdominal cavity

c) Pericardium

d) Mediastinum

e) Thoracic cavity

d

The membrane that surrounds and protects the heart is called the

a) pericardium.

b) pleura.

c) myocardium.

d) mediastinum.

e) endocardium.

a

The apex of the heart is normally pointed

a) at the midline.

b) to the left of the midline.

c) to the right of the midline.

d) is different for males and females

e) posteriorly.

b

The outermost layer of the pericardium, which consists of inelastic dense irregular connective tissue, is called the

a) parietal layer of pericardium.

b) serous pericardium.

c) fibrous pericardium.

d) epicardium.

e) endocardium.

c

Which of the following is used to reduce friction between the layers of membranes surrounding the heart?

a) Synovial fluid

b) Endocardium

c) Pleural fluid

d) Pericardial fluid

e) Capillary endothelium

d

Which layer of the heart wall consists of mesothelium and connective tissue?

a) Epicardium

b) Myocardium

c) Endocardium

d) Fibrous pericardium

e) None of the answer selections are correct

a

Which layer of the heart wall consists of cardiac muscle tissue?

a) Epicardium

b) Pericardium

c) Myocardium

d) Endocardium

e) Hypocardium

C

Identify the pouch-like structure that increases the total filling capacity of the atrium.

a) Ventricle

b) Coronary sulcus

c) Fossa ovalis

d) Interatrial septum

e) Auricle.

E

Identify the groove found on the surface of the heart and marks the boundary between the right and left ventricles.

a) Coronary sulcus

b) Anterior interventricular sulcus

c) Posterior interventricular sulcus

d) Coronary sinus

e) Anterior intraventricular sulcus

B

Identify the muscular ridges that are found on the anterior wall of the right atrium and extend into the auricles.

a) Pectinate muscles

b) Trabeculae carneae

c) Coronary sulci

d) Papillary muscles

e) Chordae tendinae

A

Through which structure does blood pass from the right atrium to the right ventricle?

a) Bicuspid valve

b) Interventricular septum

c) Tricuspid valve

d) Mitral valve

e) Ascending aorta

C

What type of tissue comprises the valves of the heart?

a) Dense connective tissue

b) Areolar connective tissue

c) Hyaline cartilage

d) Cardiac muscle tissue

e) Adipose tissue

A

Blood leaving the left ventricle passes through which of the following structures?

a) Right atrium

b) Interventricular septum

c) Bicuspid valve

d) Aortic semilunar valve

e) Pulmonary semilunar valve

D

Identify the structure found in a fetus that allows blood to flow directly from the pulmonary trunk into the aorta.

a) Fossa ovalis

b) Foramen ovale

c) Trabeculae carneae

d) Descending aorta

e) Ductus arteriosus

E

Contraction of the ventricles of the heart leads to blood moving directly

a) into arteries.

b) into capillaries.

c) into veins.

d) through an atrioventricular valve.

e) through the apex.

A

Contraction of the atria of the heart leads to blood moving directly

a) into auricles.

b) into arteries.

c) into veins

d) through atrioventricular valves

e) through semilunar valves.

D

Which valve below prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle?

a) Tricuspid valve

b) Bicuspid valve

c) Pulmonary semilunar valve

d) Aortic semilunar valve

e) Mitral valve

C

What of the following chambers of the heart contain deoxygenated blood?

a) Left atrium and left ventricle

b) Left atrium only

c) Right atrium and right ventricle

d) Right ventricle only

e) Left atrium and right ventricle

C

Which of the following blood vessel is used to distribute oxygenated blood to the myocardium?

a) Coronary artery

b) Coronary vein

c) Coronary sinus

d) Vena cava

e) Myocardial vein

A

Cardiac muscle fibers are electrically connected to neighboring fibers by

a) desmosomes.

b) tight junctions.

c) gap junctions.

d) interneurons.

e) chordae tendinae.

C

Which of the following type of muscle contains the largest number of mitochondria per cell?

a) Smooth muscle

b) Skeletal muscle

c) Cardiac muscle

d) All the muscle types contain approximately the same number.

e) Mitochondria are not found in muscle cells.

C

Which network of specialized cardiac muscle fibers provide a path for each cycle of cardiac excitation to progress through the heart?

a) Systemic circuit

b) Intercalated discs

c) Cardiovascular center

d) Cardiac conduction system

e) Pulmonary circuit

D

Which of the following correctly lists the sequence of structures that a cardiac action potential follows in order to excite normal contraction of the heart?

a) Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers, Atrioventricular (AV) node

b) Sinoatrial (SA) node, Purkinje fibers, AV node, Bundle of His

c) Purkinje fibers, AV node, SA node, Bundle of His

d) SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers

e) Bundle of His, SA node, AV node, Purkinje fibers

D

In comparison to skeletal muscle fibers, the contractile fibers of the heart are depolarized for _____ period of time.

a) a shorter

b) a longer

c) the same

B

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta each minute is called the

a) cardiac output.

b) cardiac input.

c) stroke volume.

d) heart rate.

e) pulse pressure.

b

a

Which term refers to the period of time during a cardiac cycle when contraction of a chamber occurs and pressure within the chamber rises?

a) filling

b) systole

c) repolarization

d) diastole

e) fibrillation

b

During which of following periods does the largest volume of blood enter the arteries?

a) atrial diastole

b) ventricular diastole

c) atrial systole

d) ventricular systole

d

The second heart sound (dupp) closely follows which of the events listed below?

a) Valvular stenosis

b) Semilunar valves opening

c) Atrioventricular valves closing

d) Semilunar valves closing

e) Atrioventricular valves opening

d

Which structure in the heart initiates action potentials that stimulate contraction of the heart at constant rate of about 100 beats per minute?

a) Cardiac accelerator nerves

b) Atrioventricular node

c) Cardiovascular center

d) Sinoatrial node

e) Bundle of His

d

Stimulation of which nerve reduces heart rate?

a) Cardiac accelerator nerve

b) Hypoglossal nerve

c) Spinal accessory

d) Vagus nerve

e) Phrenic nerve

d

Which of the following would lead to a decreased heart rate?

a) Increased norepinephrine release

b) Increased thyroid hormone release

c) Increased potassium levels in plasma

d) Increased calcium levels in plasma

e) Increased sympathetic stimulation

c

Which part of the brain contains the cardiovascular center that regulates heart rate?

a) Midbrain

b) Cerebrum

c) Medulla oblongata

d) Cerebellum

e) Thalamus

c

Which wave in an electrocardiogram represents repolarization of the ventricles?

a) R wave

b) T wave

c) S wave

d) P wave

e) Q wave

b

Which of the following selections lists conditions that would lead to increased stroke volume?

a) increased preload, increased afterload, increased contractility

b) decreased preload, decreased afterload, decreased contractility

c) increased preload, decreased afterload, increased contractility

d) decreased preload, increased afterload, increased contractility

e) increased preload, increased afterload, decreased contractility

c

Which of the following electrocardiogram (EKG) waves represents atrial depolarization?

a) R wave

b) T wave

c) S wave

d) P wave

e) Q wave

d

Cardiac output is the volume of blood ejected from the _____ ventricle into the _____ each minute.

a) left, aorta

b) right, aorta

c) left or right, aorta or pulmonary trunk

d) right, pulmonary trunk

e) both left and right aorta are correct

c

The difference between a person's maximum cardiac output and resting cardiac output is called the

a) stroke volume.

b) peripheral resistance.

c) afterload.

d) cardiac reserve.

e) venous return.

d

What is the function of the foramen ovale during fetal life?

a) Allowing blood to flow directly from the right atrium into the left atrium.

b) Allowing blood to flow directly from the right ventricle into the left ventricle.

c) Serves as a valve in the vena cava to regulate venous blood flow.

d) Prevents back flow of blood from aorta into the left ventricle.

e) Prevents back flow of blood from pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle.

a

Isovolumetric contraction is the phase of the cardiac cardiac cycle in which

a) the semilunar valves are open.

b) ventricular repolarization occurs.

c) atrial depolarization occurs.

d) oxygenated blood leaves the heart into the systemic circulation.

e) ventricular pressure increases and ventricular volume remains the same.

e

Which of the following chambers of the heart is surrounded by the thickest layer of myocardium?

a) right atrium

b) left atrium

c) right ventricle

d) left ventricle

e) right auricle

d

Heart murmurs are often heard in individuals with abnormalities in the _____ of the heart.

a) valves

b) myocardium

c) SA node

d) AV node

e) endocardium

a

In comparison to a sedentary individual, a well-trained athlete will usually have all the following characteristics EXCEPT

a) a higher cardiac reserve.

b) a higher resting cardiac output.

c) a higher stroke volume.

d) hypertrophy of the heart.

e) resting bradycardia.

b

During heart transplants, the _____ nerves are severed resulting in a faster resting heart rate (approximately 100 beats per minute) after the transplant.

a) glossopharyngeal

b) cardiac accelerator

c) vagus

d) phrenic

e) cervical spinal

c

A corrective cardiac procedure in which a large piece of a patient's own latissimus dorsi muscle is wrapped around the heart and stimulated by an implanted pacemaker to assist the pumping action of a damaged heart.

a) myocardial infarction

b) tetrology of Fallot

c) cardiomyopathy

d) cardiomegaly

e) cardiomyoplasty

e