Biology 1113 - Chapter 3 - Biological Macromolecules

Information from Biology with Jess YouTube Channel "Chapter 3 - Biological Macromolecules" video

What are the four major classes of macromolecules?

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Proteins

• Nucleic acids

Organic molecules

Molecules that contain carbon bonded to hydrogen and sometimes oxygen, nitrogen, and some other minor elements

Monomer

A small molecule that can come together to form macromolecules (a larger molecule)

Polymer

A long-chain molecule made up of a repeated pattern of monomers that are linked together via covalent bonds

What is the monomer for carbohydrates?

Monosaccharide

What is the monomer for lipids?

Fatty acid

What is the monomer for nucleic acids?

Nucleotide

What is the monomer for proteins?

Amino acid

Dehydration synthesis

Two monosaccharides are linked by a covalent bond, resulting in a water molecule being formed and released as the bond is created

Dehydration synthesis leads to formation of _____.

• A. Monomers

• B. Polymers

• C. Water and polymers

• D. None of the above

D. None of the above

Hydrolysis

Breaking polymers down into individual monomers to make it easier for your body to work with (digestion). By drinking water, your body adds the water back to the polymer to break it down to get energy from them.

During the breakdown of polymers, which of the following reactions takes place?

• A. Hydrolysis

• B. Dehydration synthesis

• C. Condensation

• D. Ionic bonding

A. Hydrolysis

Enzymes

Biological molecules, typically proteins, that catalyze or “speed up” reactions, such as hydrolysis and dehydration reactions without getting consumed in the process. They are very specific with their functions.

What are the enzymes for carbohydrates?

Amylase, sucrase, lactase, maltase

What are the enzymes for lipids?

Lipases

What are the enzymes for proteins?

Pepsin and peptidase

How do carbohydrates provide energy to the body?

They break down into glucose, which lets cells create ATP to give them energy.

What is the general formula of carbohydrates?

(CH₂O)_n

What is the ratio of carbon:hydrogen:oxygen in carbohydrates?

1:2:1

Where are carbohydrates found?

In grains, fruits, vegetables, sugary items

What are the three main subtypes of carbohydrates?

• Monosaccharides

• Disaccharides

• Polysaccharides

What do monosaccharides typically consist of?

1 ring with 3-7 carbons

What suffix do monosaccharides typically end with?

-ose

Glucose

The monosaccharide that plants synthesize during photosynthesis

Galactose

The monosaccharide that animals make

Fructose

The monosaccharide that comes from the storage portion of fruits

What are 3 common monosaccharides?

• Glucose

• Galactose

• Fructose

How do disaccharides form?

When two monosaccharides are linked in a dehydration reaction

What is an example of disaccharide formation?

Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose

Glycosidic bond

The covalent bond between two monomers

Maltose

Disaccharide; grain sugar; the storage carbohydrate for things like wheat, barley, rice; two glucoses together

Lactose

Disaccharide; milk sugar; what animals make; a glucose and a galactose together

What are 3 common disaccharides?

• Maltose

• Lactose

• Sucrose

Polysaccharides

Long chain of monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds