HDE 100B - Ch 13 - Problems in Adolescence

biopsychosocial approach

Exploring Adolescent & Emerging Adult Problems

Explanation of human problems emphasizing that these problems develop through an interaction of biological, psychological, & social factors

• Biological = genes, puberty, hormones, brain

• Psychological = identity, personality traits, decision making, self-control

• Social = fam, peers, schools, SES, poverty, neighborhoods

developmental psychopathy approach

Exploring Adolescent & Emerging Adult Problems

An approach that focuses on describing & exploring the developmental pathways of problems

developmental cascades

Exploring Adolescent & Emerging Adult Problems

A developmental psychopathy approach that emphasizes connections across domains over time to influence developmental pathways & outcomes

internalizing problems

Exploring Adolescent & Emerging Adult Problems

One way problems can be categorized. Emotional conditions that develop when individual’s turn problems inward

externalizing problems

Exploring Adolescent & Emerging Adult Problems

One way problems can be categorized. Behavior that occurs when individuals turn problems outwards

older, younger

Exploring Adolescent & Emerging Adult Problems

Characteristics of Adolescent & Emerging Adult Problems

Which adolescents have more problems with depression, truancy, and drug abuse?

Which adolescents have more problems with arguing, fighting, and being too loud?

juvenile delinquency

Characteristics of Adolescent Problems

Refers to a broad range of behaviors, from socially unacceptable behavior (e.g. acting out in school) to status offenses (e.g. running away) to criminal acts (e.g. burglary)

index offenses

Characteristics of Adolescent Problems

What is Juvenile Delinquency?

Criminal acts, whether they’re committed by juveniles OR adults (e.g. robbery, aggravated assault, rape, homicide)

status offenses

Characteristics of Adolescent Problems

What is Juvenile Delinquency?

Acts such as running away, truancy, underage drinking, sexual promiscuity, & uncontrollability, that are less serious; performed by youth under a specified age, which classifies them as juvenile offenses

18

Characteristics of Adolescent Problems

What is Juvenile Delinquency?

States often differ in the age used to classify an individ as juvie or adult…

• Approx ⅓ of states have established age blank as a maximum for defining juvies 

12, 17

Characteristics of Adolescent Problems

What is Juvenile Delinquency?

One issue in juvie justice is whether an adol who commits a crime should be tried as an adult 

• Some psycho-gists proposed that individs blank & under should not be evaluated under adult criminal laws & that those blank & older should be

conduct disorder

Characteristics of Adolescent Problems

What is Juvenile Delinquency?

The psychiatric diagnostic category used when multiple behaviors occur over a 6 mo period, incl truancy, running away, fire setting, animal cruelty, breaking & entering, & excessive fighting

males

Characteristics of Adolescent Problems

What is Juvenile Delinquency?

Which gender is more likely to engage in delinquency?

attempt to establish an identity

Characteristics of Adolescent Problems

What Causes Juvenile Delinquency?

How does Erikson explain delinquency?

• What are some predictors of delinquency?

• What cognitive factors are implicated in delinquency?

preventing juvenile delinquency in first place

Characteristics of Adolescent Problems

Effective Prevention & Intervention Programs

What are the most successful programs doing?

family interactions

Characteristics of Adolescent Problems

Effective Prevention & Intervention Programs

When adol’s already engaged in delinquency, most successful programs focus on improving blank & providing skills to adults who supervise & train adol

emphasizing punishment, scare tactics

Characteristics of Adolescent Problems

Effective Prevention & Intervention Programs

What are the least effective programs doing/using?

individual, family, extrafamilial

Resilience

What are three factors that can characterize resilience? Explain

stress

Resilience

The response of individuals to stressors, which are circumstances and events that threaten & tax their coping abilities

acculturative stress

Resilience

The negative consequences that result from contact between 2 distinctive cultural groups

coping

Resilience

Managing taxing circumstances, expending effort to solve life’s problems, & seeking to master o reduce stress

personal control, positive emo’s, personal resources

Resilience

Coping Strategies Among Teens

Success in coping is linked to what three things?

capacities, strategies

Resilience

Coping Strategies Among Teens

Two types of age trends occur from childhood through adolescence in coping:

• (1) An increase in coping blank reflected in more self-reliance, greater use of problem solving, & greater reliance on cog strats

• (2) An improvement in the deployment of different coping blank

problem focused coping

Resilience

Coping Strategies Among Teens

Richard Lazarus has proposed 2 types of coping strats: This one is the strategy of squarely facing one’s troubles & trying to solve them 

emotion focused coping

Resilience

Coping Strategies Among Teens

Richard Lazarus has proposed 2 types of coping strats: This one involves responding to stress in an emotional manner, esp by using defense mechanisms

problem focused

Resilience

Coping Strategies Among Teens

Over the long term, which coping strategy proposed by Lazarus usually works better?

avoidant coping

Resilience

Coping Strategies Among Teens

A harmful strategy that involves ignoring a problem & hoping it will just go away

on the decline, marijuana

Unhealthy Coping

Drug Use

From the late 1990s to early 21st century, illicit drug use by secondary students have been (on the rise/ on the decline). From 2006-2017, the use began rising mainly due to increased use of what substance?

false

Unhealthy Coping

Drug Use

True or false? Even when marijuana use is excluded, drug use of adolescence is still on the rise

14

Unhealthy Coping

Drug Use

Factoring Antecedents of Drug Use

One study revealed individ who began drinking before blank y/o= more likely to become alcohol dependent than counterparts (21 o older)

high-risk fam, harsh parenting, rejected by peers, conflict w/ parents, low parental monitoring, deviant peers

Unhealthy Coping

Drug Use

Factoring Antecedents of Drug Use

What are the factors linked with the likelihood of taking drugs by 12 y/o? (6)

positive relationships

Unhealthy Coping

Drug Use

Factoring Antecedents of Drug Use

Having blank with parents, siblings, peers, & others can reduce adols’ drug use

educational success

Unhealthy Coping

Drug Use

Factoring Antecedents of Drug Use

What is a strong buffer against the emergence of drug problems in adolescence?

true, males

Unhealthy Coping

Alcohol Use

True or false? Adolescent alcohol use and binge drinking has been on the decline

• Which gender continues to engage in binge drinking than the other?

heredity, fam influences, peer relations, personality & motivational characteristics

Unhealthy Coping

Alcohol Use

What are the risk factors in adolescents’ abuse of alcohol?

30%, 25%

Unhealthy Coping

Alcohol Use

Blank % of 12th graders say been in vehicle w/ a drugged o drinking driver in past 2 wks

Blank % 12th graders report consuming alcohol mixed w/ energy drinks in last 12 mo

hallucinogens

Unhealthy Coping

Drugs that modify an individual’s perceptual experiences & produce hallucinations; aka psychedelic (mind-altering) drugs. What is the most common one among adolescents?

stimulants

Unhealthy Coping

Drugs that increase the activity of the CNS. What are the most widely used ones (4)?

genetic, lung cancer

Unhealthy Coping

Stimulants

What kinds of consequences does smoking in adolescence lead to?

• Permanent blank changes in lungs

• Forever increased risk of blank

inhalants

Unhealthy Coping

Ordinary household products that r inhaled or sniffed to get high

intoxicating effects, heart failure & death

Unhealthy Coping

Inhalants

What are the short term consequences of inhalants? Long-term?

younger

Unhealthy Coping

Inhalants

Inhalant use is higher among (younger adolescents/older adolescents)

anabolic steroids

Unhealthy Coping

Drugs derived from male sex hormone testosterone that promote muscle growth & increase lean body mass

major depressive disorder

Problems & Disorders

The diagnosis when an individual experiences a major depressive episode and depressed characteristics for 2 weeks or longer, & daily functioning becomes impaired

females

Problems & Disorders

Which gender is far more likely to develop depression? Reasons include…

• Higher tendency to ruminate in depressed mood & amplify it

• More negative self-images

• More discrimination

• Puberty occurring earlier

obesity

Eating Disorders

Overweight & Obese Adolescents

Eating patterns established in childhood & adol strongly linked to blank in adulthood

heredity, environmental

Eating Disorders

Overweight & Obese Adolescents

What kinds of factors are involved in obesity? Explain

85th, 95th

Eating Disorders

Overweight & Obese Adolescents

To be considered at risk for being overweight, adolescents have to fall above the blank percentile of BMI.

To be considered overweight, adolescents have to fall above the blank percentile of BMI.

males, Latino males, White females

Eating Disorders

Overweight & Obese Adolescents

Which gender is more likely to be overweight? What gender & ethnicity has the highest obesity rate? Lowest?

anorexia nervosa

Eating Disorders

An eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation; can lead to death

• (1) Clinically sig level of being underweight 

• (2) Intense fear of gaining weight that doesn’t decrease w/ weight loss

• (3) Distorted image of body shape

female

Eating Disorders

Anorexia Nervosa

Which gender is most likely to be anorexic? What other demographics are associated with it?

family

Eating Disorders

Anorexia Nervosa

Problems in blank functioning is linked to the appearance of anorexia

bulimia nervosa

Eating Disorders

An eating disorder in which the individ consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern

• Preoccupied w/ food 

• Strong fear of becoming overweight 

• Depressed o anxious 

• Typically fall within a normal weight range 

binge eating disorder

Eating Disorders

Involves frequent binge eating without compensatory behavior like the purging that characterizes bulimics

drug abuse, delinquency, sexual, school

Prevention & Intervention

What are the 4 top problems among adolescents?

false, interrelated

Prevention & Intervention

True or false? Problem behaviors often occur independently of each other

individualized attention, community wide approaches, early identification & intervention

Prevention & Intervention

What are 3 ways to prevent and intervene with adolescent problems?