anatomy final (JUST SPINE, BONY THORAX, ALL SKULL)

AP axial C spine plane used

occlusal plane

AP axial C spine CR

15-20 degrees cephalic entering C4

AP axial C spine SID

40"

AP axial C spine structures seen

C3-T1, intervertebral disc spaces open

Lateral C spine method name

grandy

Lateral C spine CR

horizontal, enter C4

Lateral C spine SID

72"

Lateral C spine structures seen

all 7 cervical vertebrae, part of T1, no mandible or spine overlap

Odontoid C spine is also referred to as...

open mouth

Odontoid C spine plane used

occlusal plane

Odontoid C spine CR

perp entering mid point of mouth

Odontoid C spine SID

30"

Odontoid C spine structures seen

entire atlas, axis, and dens, lateral masses

Fuchs C spine pt position

supine, lift chin until mental point and mastoid tips are aligned

Fuchs C spine projection

AP

Fuchs C spine CR

perp entering MSP, just distal to point of chin

Fuchs C spine SID

40"

Fuchs C spine structures seen

entire dens in foramen magnum

AP/AP axial oblique C spine pt position preference

upright

AP/AP axial oblique C spine degrees obliqued

45

AP/AP axial oblique C spine angle

15-20 degrees cephalic enter C4

PA/PA axial oblique C spine anlge

15-20 degrees caudal enter C4

AP/AP axial oblique C spine SID

72"

AP/AP axial oblique C spine structures seen

intervertebral foramina C3-C7

AP T spine CR

perp to T7 (3-4 inches below jugular notch or midpoint between jugular notch and xiphoid process)

-light 1.5-2" above shoulders

AP T spine structures seen

all 12 thoracic vertebrae, spinous process in midline

Lateral T spine CR

enters posterior half of thorax at T7

Lateral T spine structures seen

intervertebral foramina, ribs superimposed, open intervertebral joint spaces

Cervicothoracic lateral T spine method name

swimmers

Cervicothoracic lateral T spine pt position

extend arm closest to IR over head and depress the other shoulder

Cervicothoracic lateral T spine CR

pass through intervertebral disc space of C7-T1

Cervicothoracic lateral T spine SID

72"

Cervicothoracic lateral T spine structures seen

C4-T3 demonstrated, humeral heads separated

AP/PA oblique T spine degree of oblique

20 degrees from MSP

AP/PA oblique T spine CR

enters level of T7

AP/PA oblique T spine structures seen

zygapophyseal joints, all 12 thoracic vertebrae

AP L spine: how do we reduce lordotic curve?

flex knees

AP L spine CR

perp to L4 (iliac crest) to see lumbosacral OR perp to L3 (1.5" above iliac crest) to see lumbar only

AP L spine structures seen

all 5 lumbar vertebrae, open disc spaces, SI joints included

Lateral L spine tube angle if the pt has hips

5 degrees caudal for men and 8 degrees caudal for women

Lateral L spine CR

L4 for lumbosacral and L3 for lumbar only

Lateral L spine structures seen

intervertebral foramina, lower thoracic to sacrum, superimposed iliac crests

L5/S1 lumbosacral junction "spot" L spine pt position

recumbent, true lateral

L5/S1 lumbosacral junction "spot" L spine CR

2" posterior and 1.5" inferior to ASIS

L5/S1 lumbosacral junction "spot" L spine structures seen

open lumbosacral joint

AP/PA oblique L spine degree of oblique

45 degrees

AP/PA oblique L spine CR

AP: 1" above iliac crest and 2" medial to elevated ASIS

PA: 1" above iliac crest and 2" lateral from spine on elevated side

AP/PA obliques L spine structures seen

zygapophyseal joints "scotty dogs", T12-sacrum

AP axial SI joints pt position

supine

AP axial SI joints CR

30-35 degrees cephalic entering midway between ASIS and pubic symphysis

AP axial SI joints structures seen

sacroiliac joints open, L5-S1 joint open as well

Oblique SI joints pt position

recumbent RPO or LPO

Oblique SI joints degree of oblique

25-30 degrees oblique

Oblique SI joints CR

enters 1" medial to elevated ASIS

Oblique SI joints structures seen

SI joint of interest open

AP axial sacrum CR

15 degrees cephalic enters midway between ASIS and pubic symphysis

AP axial sacrum structures seen

sacral foramina visualized, sacrum not foreshortened

AP axial coccyx CR

10 degrees caudal entering 2" superior to pubic symphysis

AP axial coccyx structures seen

coccyx free of superimposition

Lateral sacrum/coccyx CR

sacrum: 3-4" posterior to ASIS

coccyx: 3-4" posterior and 2" inferior to ASIS

Lateral sacrum/coccyx structures seen

lateral sacrum or coccyx centered, coccyx segments all visualized

what positions do you see the intervertebral foramina for C, T, and L?

C: oblique

T: lateral

L: lateral

what positions do you see the zygapophyseal joints for C, T, and L?

C: lateral

T: oblique

L: oblique

side of interest for AP oblique projections of the spine

C: farthest from IR

T: farthest from IR

L: closest from IR

SI: farthest from IR

external landmarks: C1

mastoid tip

external landmarks: C2-C3

gonion (angle of mandible)

external landmarks: C4

hyoid bone

external landmarks: C5

thyroid cartilage

external landmarks: C7-T1

vertebra prominens

external landmarks: T2-T3

jugular notch

external landmarks: T4-T5

level of sternal angle

external landmarks: T7

inferior angle of scapulae

external landmarks: T9-T10

xiphoid process

external landmarks: L2-L3

inferior costal margin

external landmarks: L4-L5

superior iliac crest

external landmarks: S1-S2

ASIS

external landmarks: coccyx

level of pubic symphysis and greater trochanters

lateral skull positioning line

IOML parallel, interpupillary perp

lateral skull CR

2" above EAM

lateral skull evaluation criteria

superimposed orbital roofs and rami

lateral sinuses positioning line

IOML parallel, interpupillary perp

lateral sinuses CR

enters 1/2-1" posterior to outer canthus

lateral sinuses evaluation criteria

shows all 4 sinuses

PA axial skull method name

caldwell

PA axial skull positioning line

OML

PA axial skull CR

15 degrees caudal exits nasion

PA axial skull petrous ridges

in lower 1/3 of orbits

PA skull petrous ridges

fill orbits

PA axial sinuses positioning line

OML

PA axial sinuses CR

tilt IR 15 degrees, exit nasion

PA axial sinuses evaluation criteria

all 4 sinuses seen (sphenoid just between ethmoid)

SMV skull positioning line

IOML

SMV skull CR

enters between mandibular angles, 3/4" anterior to EAM

SMV skull evaluation criteria

symmetric petrous parts, superimposed mental point and anterior frontal bone

SMV sinuses positioning line

IOML

SMV sinuses CR

enters between mandibular angles, 3/4" anterior to EAM

AP axial skull method name

townes

AP axial skull positioning line

OML

AP axial skull CR

if oml is used: 30 degrees caudal, enter 2.5" above glabella

if ioml is used: 37 degrees caudal, enter 2.5" above glabella

is AP axial townes done for sinses?

no