ch 7

Testis

primary male sex organ, paired, oval-shaped, and enclosed in a sac called the scrotum
produce spermatozoa and testosterone

seminiferous tubules

approximately 900 coiled tubes within the testes in which spermatogenesis occurs

Sperm

the microscopic male germ cell, which, when united with the ovum, produces a zygote (fertilized egg) that with subsequent development becomes an embryo

Testosterone

Principal male sec hormone
Stimulates development of male reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics like facial hair

Epididymis

Coiled tube attached to each testis that provides for storage, transit, and maturation of sperm
Continuous with each vas deferens

Vas deferens

(AKA ductus deferens) Duct (tube) carrying the sperm from epididymis to urethra
Spermatic cord encloses each one

Seminal vesicles

2 accessory glands located posterior to base of bladder that open into vas deferens
Glands secrete thick fluid that forms part of semen

Prostate gland

Walnut-shaped gland that encircles proximal section of urethra
Secretes fluid that aids in movement of speed and ejaculation

Semen

composed of sperm, seminal fluids, and other secretions

scrotum

sac containing testes and corresponding epididymides, from which each vas deferens begins

penis

make organ of urination and coitus (sexual intercourse)

glans penis

enlarged tip on end of the penis

prepuce

(AKA foreskin) fold of skin covering the glans penis in uncircumcised males

genitalia

(AKA genitals) reproductive organs (male and female) and includes internal and external reproductive organs

gonads

primary reproductive organs (males = testes, females = ovaries)

andr/o

male

balan/o

glans penis

epididym/o

epididymis

orch/o

testis, testicle

orchi/o

testis, testicle

orchid/o

testis, testicle

prostat/o

prostate gland

sperm/o

sperm, spermatozoon

spermat/o

sperm, spermatozoon

vas/o

vessel, duct (vas deferens when describing male reproductive system)

vesicul/o

seminal vesicle(s)

cyst/o

bladder, sac

crypt/o

hidden

lith/o

stone(s), calculus

olig/o

scanty, few

a-

absence of, without

an-

absence of, without

hyper-

above, excessive

-algia

pain

-ectomy

excision, surgical removal

-ia

diseased or abnormal state, condition of

-ic

pertaining to

-ism

state of

-itis

inflammation

-lith

stone(s), calculus

-tomy

cut into, incision

-pexy

surgical fixation

-pathy

disease

-plasia

condition of formation, development, growth

-plasty

surgical repair

-rrhea

flow, discharge

-stomy

creation of an artificial opening

erectile dysfunction (ED)

(AKA impotence) inability of the male to attain/maintain an erection sufficient to perform coitus

hydrocele

fluid-filled sac around the testicle; causes scrotal swelling

infertility

reduced or absent ability to achieve pregnancy; related to male or female (defined after 1 year)

phimosis

tightness of the prepuce that prevents its retraction over the glans penis; may be congenital or result of balanitis
usual treatment = circumcision

priapism

persistent abnormal erection of the penis accompanied by pain and tenderness

prostate cancer

cancer of the prostate gland, usually occurring in men middle-aged and older

spermatocele

distention (swelling) of the epididymis containing an abnormal cyst-like collection of fluid and sperm cells; may cause scrotal swelling

testicular cancer

cancer of the testicle, usually occurring in men 15-35 years of age

testicular torsion

twisting of the spermatic cord causing decreased blood flow to the testis
occurs most over during puberty & presents with a sudden onset of severe testicular or scrotal pain
surgical emergency due to lack of blood flow to the testis

varicocele

enlarged veins of the spermatic cord; may cause scrotal swelling

ablation

destruction of abnormal or excessive tissue by melting, vaporizing, or eroding

circumcision

surgical removal of the prepuce (all of part of it may be removed)

enucleation

excision of a whole organ or mass without cutting into it

hydrocelectomy

surgical removal of a fluid-filled sav around the testicle causing scrotal swelling (hydrocele)

laser surgery

use of focused beam of light to excise or vaporize abnormal tissue and to control bleeding
uses variety of non-invasive & minimally invasive procedures
2 common types to treat BPH = HoLEP & PVP

morcellation

cutting or grinding solid tissue into smaller pieces for removal

robotic surgery

use of small surgical instruments attached to a computer and operated by the surgeon from a console several feet from the operating table

sterilzation

surgical procedure that prevents pregnancy, either by the ability of the female to conceive or of the male to induce conception

transurethral incision of the prostate gland (TUIP)

surgical procedure that widens urethra by making a few small incisions in the bladder neck and the prostate gland
no prostate tissue is removed
may be used instead of TURP when prostate gland is less enlarged

transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT)

treatment that eliminates excess tissue present in benign prostatic hyperplasia by using heat generated by microwave

transurethral resection of the prostate gland (TURP)

surgical removal of pieces of prostate gland tissue by using an instrument inserted through the urethra
capsule is left intact
usually performed when the enlarged prostate gland interferes with urination

MRI ultrasound fusion biopsy

(AKA MRI-TRUS fusion, MR-ultrasounds fusion, and fusion guided biopsy)
combination of magnetic resonance imaging with transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) to obtain a tissue from a prostate lesion

multiparametric MRI

magnetic resonance imaging procedure providing info of anatomic structure and physiology for the staging of prostate cancer

transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)

ultrasound procedure used to diagnose prostate cancer using sound waves

prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

blood test that measures the level of prostate-specific antigen in the blood
elevated results = bad

semen analysis

(AKA sperm count and sperm test)
microscopic observation of ejaculated semen, revealing size, structure, and movement of sperm
used to evaluate male infertility and effectiveness of a vasectomy

total testosterone

blood test to measure the level of hormone responsible for male physical characteristics
used to detect multiple conditions in men and women (including infertility)

digital rectal examination (DRE)

physical examination in which healthcare provider inserts a gloved finger into rectum and palpates prostate through rectal wall to determine the size, shape, and consistency of the gland
used to screen for BPH (uniform, nontender enlargement) and prostate cancer (stony hard nodule)

chlamydia

sexually transmitted infection caused by bacterium C. trachomatis
sometimes called silent STI
symptoms = painful urination and discharge

genital herpes

sexually transmitted infection caused by herpes simplex virus type 2

gonorrhea

sexually transmitted infection caused by a bacterial organism that inflames the mucous membranes of the genitourinary tract

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

sexually transmitted infection caused by a retrovirus that infects T-helper cells of the immune system
may be acquired in utero or transmitted through infected blood via needle sharing
advanced version may progress to AIDS

human papillomavirus (HPV)

(AKA genital warts)
sexually transmitted infection caused by viral infection
more than 40 types that cause benign or cancerous growths in male and female genitals

sexually transmitted infection (STI)

(AKA sexually transmitted disease (STD))
infection spread through sexual contact
affect both males and females
cause damage to reproductive organs and potentially serious health consequences if left untreated

syphillis

infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum
rapidly spreads throughout body, and if untreated becomes systemic and can progress through 3 stages separated by latent periods
usually sexually transmitted, but may be acquired in utero and by direct contact with infected skin

trichomoniasis

STI caused by a one-cell organism Trichomonas
infects genitourinary tract

artificial insemination

intro of washed and concentrated sperm into female reproductive tract
used as a treatment for infertility

condom

cover for the penis worn to prevent conception and spread of STIs

spermicide

agent that destroys spermatozoa
used to prevent conception

azoospermia

lack of live sperm in the semen (characterized by absence of semen or ejaculation)

ejaculation

ejection of semen from the male urethra

orgasm

climax of sexual stimulation

puberty

period when secondary sex characteristics develop and the ability to reproduce sexually begins

BOO

bladder outlet obstruction

LUTS

lower urinary tract symptoms

BPH

benign prostatic hyperplasia

HPV

human papillomavirus

ED

erectile dysfunction

STD

sexually transmitted disease

HIV

human immunodeficiency virus

STI

sexually transmitted infection

DRE

digital rectal examination

TRUS

transrectal ultrasound