CNS

There are ___ cerebral hemispheres

2

Each cerebral hemisphere includes...

cerebral cortex

subcortical structures

The white matter matter bundle joining the two hemispheres is known as the

corpus callosum

Basal ganglia are a collection of

nuclei (gray matter)

Basal ganglia play a vital role in

initiation and control of movement

The basal ganglia are associated with ______ ________

movement disorders

The hippocampus and amygdala are part of which system?

limbic

The hippocampus and amygdala are located in which lobe?

temporal

The hippocampus and amygdala play a role in...

motivation

emotion

memory

learning

behavior

The thalamus is a critical processing station for...

all sensory information on its way to the cortex (except olfactory)

The thalamus plays a key role in...

processing motor information and integrating higher-order cognitive and emotional information

The thalamus can be considered the "____" of the cortex

gatekeeper

The hypothalamus has an important role in which system?

endocrine

Another gland that has an important role in the endocrine system is the...

amygdala

The hypothalamus assists with...

homeostasis

emotions

behavior

The hypothalamus assists which division of the nervous system?

autonomic

The hypothalamus secretes ________

hormones

Brainstem lies between the _____ and _____ ____

cerebrum

spinal cord

Brainstem includes...

midbrain

pons

medulla

6 enlargements of the midbrain

2 cerebral peduncles

2 superior colliculi

2 inferior colliculi

Cerebral peduncle

connects midbrain to cerebrum

Superior and inferior colliculi

paths for tracts

Cerebral aqueduct

connects the third and fourth ventricles

Are the cerebral peduncle anterior or posterior

anterior

Are the superior and inferior colliculi anterior or posterior

posterior

Pons

relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

Basal pons

bulge on anterior surface of pons

Features of the pons

basal pons

superior cerebellar peduncles

middle cerebellar peduncles

inferior cerebellar peduncles

Superior, middle and inferior cerebellar peduncles

connect pons with the cerebellum

Superior cerebellar peduncle

Middle cerebellar peduncle

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

Features of the medulla

anterior median fissure

pyramids

pyramidal decussation

olives

fasciciulus gracilis

fasciculus cuneatus

Anterior median fissure

Pyramids

where tracts are

Pyramidal decussation

crossing of fibers

Olives are in the _____ medulla

rostral

Olives are formed by...

inferior olivary nucleus

The fasciculus gracilis and cuneatus are in the _____ medulla

caudal

Tectum

contains superior and inferior colliculus

Tegmentum

"hood" covering all three regions of brainstem

The tegmentum is ______ to the ventricular space

anterior

The cerebellum is ______ to the midbrain

posterior

Cerebellum is in line with the _____ and _____ ______

pons

fourth ventricle

Cerebellum has __ hemispheres

2

Cerebellum plays important role in

coordination

balance

vestibular control

Spinal cord extends from the ____ _____ to the _____ _____

foramen magnum

conus medullaris

The spinal cord is surrounded by the ____ _____

vertebral column

3 meninges

dura

arachnoid

pia

Subarachnoid space is filled with...

cerebrospinal fluid

Funiculi of spinal cord

columns of white matter

The lateral column (gray horns) are only visible in spinal sections...

T1-L2

S2-S4

Sensory information enters the spinal cord through...

posterior roots

Motor information leaves the spinal cord through...

anterior roots

Spinal cord is divided into ___ segments

31

Which segments of the spinal cord are enlarged to accommodate upper and lower limbs

cervical

lumbar

Dermatomes (sensory)

an area of the skin supplied by nerves from a single spinal root

Myotomes (motor)

muscle or groups of muscles innervated by a specific motor nerve

Microfilaments

bind to cell membrane and maintain cell shape

Neurofilament

structural support within the cell

Microtubules 

provide a mean of transport of elements toward or away from the cell body 

Acetylccholine

excitatory

Glutamate

Excitatory

GABA

Inhibitory 

Dopamine

excitatory and inhibitory

Serotonin

Excitatory and Inhibitory

Continuous Conduction 

occurs in non myelinated axons, slower 

Saltatory Conduction

occurs in myelinated axons, faster

Ganglion

collection of cell bodies outside the CNS

Nucelus

collection of cell bodies within the CNS 

Nerve

collection of nerve fibers (axons) that carries information to and away from the CNS

Tract

collection of nerve fibers (axons) within the CNS

Glial Cells 

non neuronal cells within the nervous system that perform a wide variety of support functions 

Astocytes

transform from a dormant to reactive state in response to CNS injury, support and nurture neurons

Microglia

transform from a dormant to reactive state in response to CNS injury, remove foreign and degenerative cellular elements through phagocytosis, return to resting state once process is over, immune cells

Oligodendrocytes

form myelin in CNS 

Schwann Cells

form myelin in PNS

Grey matter

cell bodies, continuous conduction

White matter

axons, saltatory condition, myelin  

CNS

brain and spinal cord

gyrus

ridge

sulcus

groove

Pre central Gyrus

frontal lobe

Post Central Gyrus

parietal lobe

Central Sulcus 

separates front and parietal lobe 

Frontal Lobe Info

largest lobe, primary motor area, premotor cortex and supplementary motor area

Frontal Lobe Function

executive functions, voluntary motor functions, emotion, motivation, judgement, brocas area (left hemi) - expressive speech

Patieal Lobe Facts 

post central gyrus, wernickes areas - receptive speech, spatial orientation and perception, sensory homunculus

Occipital Lobe

important for vision, visual area and visual association areas

Temporal Lobe

processing auditory information, hearing, language interpretation

Limbic Lobe

hippocampus (learning and memory) and amygdala (emotion)