AP Bio Unit 2 Vocab

Osmosis

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

selective permeability

A property of a plasma membrane that allows some substances to cross more easily than others b/c of polarity/size

passive permeability

does not require energy from the cell (diffusion

dynamic homeostasis

the process by which systems adjust to changes in ways that minimize how much features or processes vary from their normal values

eukaryotic cell

A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Examples: protists

cell membrane

the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.

surface-to-volume ratio

smaller and flatter cells have a higher surface area to volume ratio

facilitated diffusion

process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the membrane using transport proteins. but NO ENERGY is require because they're moving down the concentration gradient

sodium/potassium pump

a carrier protein that uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell

proton gradient

The product of the electron transport chain. A higher concentration of protons outside the inner membrane of the mitochondria than inside the membrane is the driving force behind ATP synthesis.

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane to form vacuoles: used in BULK TRANSPORT

Exoctyosis

The process by which the vacuole surrounding particles fuses with the cell membrane

phospholipids

made of glycerol and 2 fatty acids: A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes

rough endopasmic reticulum (RER)

ribosomes on it's surface carry out protein synthesis

fluid mosaic model

model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane

glycoproteins

Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to proteins

help with cell-cell recognition and cell adhesion

proteins

Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues

chains of amino acids

polypeptides

used to transport substances during facilitated diffusion or active transport

Cholesterol

a lipid

decreases cell membrane fluidity

hydrophobic

Having an aversion to water

tending to coalesce and form droplets in water.

glycolipids

Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to lipids

maintains stability

helps with cell-cell recognition

hydrophilic

Having an affinity for water.

aquaporins

water channel proteins

fatty acids

chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms

hydrophic because they are non-polar

transport proteins

A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane

used in facilitated diffusion and active transport

hypertonic

(for cells): cells that are more concentrated than their environment

water rushes out of the cell causing it to shrivel

channel proteins

a type of transport protein that provides a tunnel for hydrophilic substances to pass through the hydrophobic phospholipid bilayer

Hypotonic

(for cells) cells that are less concentrated than their environment

water rushes in

may burst cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

An extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells

isotonic

(for cells) extracellular environment has the same concentration of solutes as the cell cytoplasm

Plasmodesmata

channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells

Vesicles

"Mail men

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)

doesn't have ribosomes on it

Fatty acid and steroid synthesis

detoxifies toxic substances

ligand

A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule

cristae

Infoldings of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion that houses the electon transport chain and the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP

example of a higher SA:V ratio

lysosomes

Uses hyrolytic/ digestive enzymes to break down food and worn out cell parts

ribosomes

site of protein synthesis

chlorophyll

Green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis

vacuole

Cell organelle that stores materials such as water

golgi complex

organelle that modifies

grana

the stacks of thylakoids embedded in the stroma of a chloroplast.

stroma

fluid portion of the chloroplast

outside of the thylakoids

mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell

cytoplasm

the portion of the cell outside the nucleus - contains cytosol and other substances expect for organelles

prokaryotic cells

do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles

chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

thylakoids

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast

matrix

Innermost compartment of the mitochondrion

cytoskeleton

network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement

Centro-

Definition: Center
Example: Central

-soma

Definition: body of an organism
Example: lysosomal

Cili-

Definition: hair

of or pertaining to the cilia
Example: cilia

Cyto-

Definition: cell

container
Example: cytoskeleton

-ell

Definition: small
Example: organelle

Endo-

Definition: within

internal
Example: endocytosis (material into the cell)

Extra-

Definition: beyond

outside
Example: extracellular fluid

flagell-

Definition: whip
Example: flagella

Glycol-

Definition: sugar
Example: glycolysis

Lamin-

Definition: thin layer
Example: nuclear lamina

Lyso-

Definition: dissolving

loosening
Example: Lysosome (dissolves other substances)

Micro-

Definition: small
Example: microscope

Nucle-

Definition: nucleus
Example: nucleus

-oid

Definition: form

shape

appearance

reassembling
Example: nucleoid

phago-

Definition: eating

devouring
Example: phagocytosis

Plasm-

Definition: living substance

tissue

substance of a cell
Example: cytoplasm

Desma-

Definition: band

bond
Example: plasmodesmata

Pseudo-

Definition: false
Example: pseudoscience

-pod

Definition: foot
Example: tripod

Thylaco-

Definition: sac

pouch
Example: thylakoids (membrane bound compartments)

Tono-

Definition: stretching

tension
Example: tonoplast

-plast

Definition: living system