Important Figures for the Test

Adam Smith

Scottish economist and philosopher, father of modern economics, author of "The Wealth of Nations," advocate of free-market capitalism.

Catherine the Great

Empress of Russia, modernized the country, expanded territory, promoted cultural growth.

Frederick Douglass

Prominent African American abolitionist, writer, orator, leading voice against slavery in the US.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Swiss-French philosopher, social contract theory, general will, influenced French Revolution.

John Locke

English philosopher, natural rights, government by consent, social contract, basis of liberal democracy.

Marquis de Lafayette

French aristocrat, military officer, key role in American Revolution, advocated for constitutional monarchy.

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer, early feminist, "A Vindication of the Rights of Woman," equality advocate.

Montesquieu

French philosopher, separation of powers theory, influenced modern constitutional government.

Simon Bolivar

Venezuelan military leader, key in Latin American independence, "The Liberator."

Thomas Jefferson

American Founding Father, Declaration of Independence author, 3rd US President, democracy advocate.

Thomas Paine

English-American activist, philosopher, "Common Sense" author, advocated for American independence.

Toussaint Louverture

Leader of Haitian Revolution, overthrew French rule, established independent black-led nation.

Voltaire

French Enlightenment writer, philosopher, criticized Catholic Church, advocated freedom of speech and religion.

Maximilien Robespierre

French Revolution figure, Jacobin leader, Reign of Terror architect.

King Louis XVI

Last French monarch before Revolution, faced economic instability, political unrest, executed.

Marie Antoinette

Queen of France, associated with extravagance, met demise during French Revolution.

Jose de San Martin

Argentine general, key in South American wars of independence against Spanish rule.

Thomas Hobbes

English philosopher, "Leviathan" author, strong central authority advocate, social contract theory.

Napoleon Bonaparte

French military leader, Emperor, expanded empire, instituted Napoleonic Code reforms.

Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla

Mexican priest, leader of Mexican War of Independence, "Grito de Dolores" sparked revolt.