Correlation and Inferential statistics

Different types of Achievement Test:

1. one that draws primarily on facts and how to apply those facts

2. designed to measure mastery of the material

F or C

1. Fact based

2. Conceptual based

Correlation

1. Measures the linear relationship between two continuous variables

2. Measures the rank-order correlation between two variables (monotonic relationship, not necessarily linear).

3. Measures the agreement among multiple raters ranking the same set of items.

4. Measures the relationship between a continuous variable and a binary variable (true).

5. Measures the association between two binary (dichotomous) variables.

6. A nominal measure of association showing the proportionate reduction in error (PRE) when predicting the value of one categorical variable from another.

A. Point biserial coefficient

B. Kendall's Coefficient of concordance W

C. Spearman's Rho rank-order

D. pearson's product correlation

E. Lambda

F. Phi coefficient

1. D.

2. C.

3. B

4. A.

5. F

6. E

1. A teacher ranks students based on class participation, and later, those same students are ranked by their final grades. The teacher wants to know if higher participation ranks are associated with higher grade ranks.

2. A researcher collects data on college students’ daily hours of exercise and their body mass index (BMI) to see if more exercise is associated with lower BMI.

3. A psychologist examines the relationship between students’ math test scores and whether they passed or failed the course.

4. In a talent show, seven judges are asked to rank eight performers. The organizer wants to measure how much agreement there is among the judges’ rankings.

5. A company surveys employees to see if there’s a relationship between gender (male/female) and whether they prefer remote work (yes/no).

6. A marketing analyst studies whether knowing a customer’s age group (teen, adult, senior) helps in predicting their preferred gadget (smartphone, tablet, laptop), checking if prediction errors are reduced.

A. Point biserial coefficient

B. Kendall's Coefficient of concordance W

C. Spearman's Rho rank-order

D. pearson's product correlation

E. Lambda

F. Phi coefficient

1. C.

2. D

3. A.

4. B.

5. F.

6. E.

Inferential statistics

1. a statistical tool used in hypothesis testing to compare the means of two samples and determine if there's a significant difference between them or if the difference observed is due to chance

2. Tests mean differences among 3 or more groups based on one independent variable (factor).

3. Studying exam performance based on Teaching Method (Lecture vs Online), Gender (Male vs Female), and Year Level (1st, 2nd, 3rd Year).

4. Studying test scores based on Teaching Method (Lecture vs Online) and Gender (Male vs Female).

5. Studying exam performance based on Teaching Method (Lecture vs Online), Gender (Male vs Female), and Year Level (1st, 2nd, 3rd Year). You test:

1. T-test

2. ANOVA

3. Two-way

4. One-way

1. Sample mean vs population mean.

2. Compares means of two independent groups.

3. Compares means of two related groups (before vs after).

A. One sample

B. Paired/dependent

C. Independent sample

1. A

2. C

3. B

In ANOVA, it is considered as an omnibus tells for it tells us if some means are different, but it does not tell you which one of the means are different. Because of this, ANOVA often uses?

The specific statistical formula is called?

1. Post-Hoc

2. Tukey’s

A special type of chi-square test that checks whether an observed distribution fits an expected distribution.

Goodness fit test

tests the relationship of two categorical variables.

chi-square

1. Compares the medians of two or more independent groups by classifying values above or below the overall median.

2. Compares the distributions (usually medians) of two independent groups when assumptions of normality aren’t met.

3. Compares medians across three or more independent groups using ranked data.

4. Compares three or more related groups (repeated measures) by ranking data within subjects.

5. Tests whether the median difference between paired observations is zero; used for dependent samples.

A. Median test

B. Fischer's signed-rank test

C. Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test

D. Kruskal-Wallis

E. Friedman Rank

1. A.

2. C.

3. D.

4. E.

5. B.