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First Nations influence on Canada
Diverse indigenous cultures, rich traditions, trade networks, land impact
British colonization
early claims, Treaty of Paris (1763), Settlers challenges, British influence
Confederation in 1867
British North America Act, Dominion of Canada, Benefits and challenges
Confederation Significance
Canadas Domestic affairs are controlled by Canada but Foreign affairs controlled by British
English Canadians
Supported British took pride in British empire and believed Canada to be a British country (brits having foreign affairs under their control made sense to them)
French Canadians
nationalists that rejected imperialism, Wanted Canada to become independent, focused on preserving French heritage and culture
When did WW1 occur?
1914-1918
What does MAIN stand for?
M-militarism
A-alliances
I-imperialism
N-nationalism
What is Militarism?
Belief in increasing a nations military force as a way to increase nations power and prestige. Used to intimidate enemies with military power, spread through Europe because of fear of weakness.
What is an Alliances?
an agreement between two or more nations in mutual agreement through a treaty to defend each other. Europeans thought this would help prevent war as countries would see the amount of allies they had and would back down, this however backfired due to the domino effect
What is Imperialism?
The process of countries gaining control by overtaking smaller countries. This increased access to raw materials, natural resources, markets and goods. This created a tense atmosphere in Europe sparking competition in the 1900’s
What is Nationalism?
Intense loyalty to a country That goes beyond just patriotism. By placing their country over others Nationalists gained hatred for each other. Many believed war was heroic and the ultimate sacrifice to your country contributing to ww1.
Indirect Causes of WW1: Nationalism
unites those with similar mindsets and ideologies. the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Gavrilo Princip a member of the Black Hand Serbian nationalist group
Indirect Causes of WW1: Imperialism
Building an empire by collecting colonies, defining the amount of admiration and respect they would receive. The British empire was the largest in the world, Germany wanted to create a rivalling Empire as well as many others creating tensions and competition.
Indirect Causes of WW1: Militarism
Arms Race: European countries competing fro largest and most powerful military aresenal. British: Largest navy Russia: largest army Germany: wanted to catch up to both (British Dreadnought vs German U-boat)
Military strength
Britain | Germany+Austria-Hungary | France | Russia |
---|---|---|---|
largest and strongest navy | best army with tech advancements | Offensive mindset well prepped and ready | large population=large army (poorly trained malfunctioning weapons) |
Indirect Causes of WW1: Alliances
would ensure balance of power no country more powerful than the rest. Domino effect (two countries declare war allies join ect)
Two forces in the war
Triple Entente: British, France, Russia
Triple Alliance: Austria-Hungary, Germany, Italy
war was set to fight on eastern and western fronts
Direct Cause: Spark that led to ww1 background info
Austria-Hungary: many different nationalities (Austians, Hungarians, Bosnians ect) causing hostilities towards A-H
Bosnian Crisis(1908): A-H announced annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, territories of the Ottoman Empire (Serbia) Many serbs lived in Bosnia and wanted to be reunited with Serbia rather than A-H
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
Sarajevo, Bosnia ArchDuke Franz Ferdinand and Wife Sofia shot by Gavrilo Princip on June 28th 1914
The Black hand
Serbian nationalist/terrorist group in which Gavrilo Princip was a part of. Group wanted the reunification of Bosnia and Serbia
Austrian Ultimatum (1914)
Allow Austrio-Hungarian officials to Serbia to investigate murder
Ban Anti Austrian demonstrations and protests
Allow A-H soldiers into Serbia to prevent and stop extremest activities. (Serbia agrees to all except 3)
Blank Cheque
Germany promises A-H is Russia attacks A-H Germany will come to their defence (A-H wants to invade Serbia but fears Russian retaliation)
Dominos fall
A-H declares war on Serbia
Russia mobilizes boarder along A-H
Germany declares war on Russia
France mobilizes army to defend Russia
Germany Declares war on France
Germany invades Belgium but it was neutral and protected by Britain
Britain declares war on Germany
Canada enters the war
English Canadians | French Canadians |
---|---|
50% of Canadians of British Decent, felt patriotic duty to defend empire, 25% of men who enlisted were British | believed they shouldn’t get involved as it had nothing to do with them. |
The Schlieffen plan
Military strategy used by Germany in WWI to quickly defeat France by attacking through neutral Belgium and encircling Paris before turning to fight Russia. Helped to eliminate two front war with France and Russia, Swift Victory, confidence in Economic and Military Strength
Schlieffen plan details
movement of troops
use of railways
element of surprise
Assumptions made by General Moltke
Russia would take a long time to mobilize their army
Britain wouldn’t help Belgium and go to war as they had a Large Empire to take care of
Belgium would not resist German forces making their way through the country
Impact of failure of the Schliffen Plan
Development of trench warfare
prolonged war
Two front war with Germany (eastern fighting Russia, Western at a stalemate)
Trench warfare (overview)
was a complez network of long deep ditches designed for protection leading to drawn out war and high casualties. New deadly wepons made it difficult to gain ground. No mans land was impossible to breach because of the massive fire soldiers wouild face. Trenches were unsanitary with rats, lice, muddy water, human waste ect.
Trench design
Made to transport men, equipment, and supplies between the front lines and reserve trenches. Duckboards were used in an attempt to protects soldiers from trench foot. Dugouts protected soldiers from weather and enemy fire, while barbed wire and machine guns protected the front lines.
No mans Land
area between two opposing trenches. Both sides heavily defended making it difficult to recover bodies.
Trench foot
Feet would rot due to prolonged exposure of feet to wet cold unsanitary conditions. Wet socks and boots led to infection and gangrene. Symptoms included numbness of the foot, swelling, foot changing colour to red/blue due to lack of blood supply. Some infections were so bad they got sores and would need to be amputated without treatment.
Rats And Lice in trenches
Unsanitary conditions due to lack of hygiene availability(making getting rid of lice difficult). Lack of garbage disposal led to rat infestation. To combat this soldiers trained dogs to hunt rats out of trenches
Shell shock
Condition characterized by psychological trauma from wartime experiences, leading to symptoms like headaches, dizziness, amnesia, tremors, and sometimes the ability to walk and talk were affected.
Trench Mouth
teeth and gums rot as a result of poor dental hygiene and lack of nutrients and vitamins
Trench cycles
Front lines
support and reserve trenches
relief and rest trenches
Trench warfare tech advancement
During this time offensive technologies were much more effective, as a result trench warfare was rendered useless in ww2 as the development of air and land support improved
Significance of Trench warfare
Expectation | Reality |
---|---|
short quick war that would be over by Christmas of 1914 | very little movement due to stalemate, war lasted four years |
WW1-The first modern war
referred to as this due to the technological advancements that made the war much more deadly and terrifying that had ever been experienced until that point. Estimated 16 million died including civilians which was a result of the failure to adapt yo new technologies.
Tank (aka the landship)
were able to endure gunfire, drove through barbed wire and trenches as well as helped soldiers advance
Poison Gas
Chlorine Gas attacked the lungs making it unable to breathe. Mustard gas attacked skin causing blisters and excruciating pain. Gas masks improved to combat poison gas and is now internationally banned as a weapon of war.
Submarines
Under water travel and attacks with torpedoes while being unseen and undetected. Germans attacking American ship leads to Americas entrance into WW1.
Airplanes
Originally used for recon the tech advanced to be equipped with machine guns and bombs. Often called flying coffins as they would get into many Dogfights
Machine guns/Artillery
Would be able to shoot up to 600 rounds a minute. Artillery were heavy guns used to fire explosive shells across long ranges, Shrapnel is the shell fragments thrown by the explosive
Billy Bishop
Billy Bishop was a Canadian World War I flying ace known for his record of 72 air victories. He was awarded the Victoria Cross for his bravery. (all on his own account)
Francis Pegahmagabow
Francis Pegahmagabow was a Canadian First Nations soldier known for his remarkable skills as a sniper during World War I, with a record of 378 confirmed kills. He was so skilled he would often lay down right besides the enemies when sniping.
Red Baron
a German fighter pilot in WWI known for his red Fokker triplane and 80 confirmed air combat victories.
Home font
supported war by providing financial aid, food, goods, medical services, weapons and ammunition, clothes
Total War
a war with unlimited and unrestricted use of both its military and civilian resources with goal of achieving victory
War Front
total use of military resources and capabilities
Pre WW1 womens roles
Domesticity: maternal role of child care and fulfilling responsibilities of house hold
During war womens roles
skilled labour in factories: Weapons and armament (paid less than men)
rationing in the household
making clothing, bandages, quilts
overseas nurses with the red cross
Women now expected to fulfill both new and “traditional” roles although new roles were temporary
Changing role of the government
Use of censorship and propaganda to control information coming in and out of country, and to promote victory bonds
What were victory bonds?
Victory bonds were government-issued debt securities sold during WWI and WWII to finance war efforts. Citizens purchased bonds to support the war and receive a return on their investment.
During ww1 the government implemented…
(temporary) income and corporate taxes
Info Management(censorship) to monitor and control newspapers and information because they needed more soldiers
promoted victory bonds
what is conscription?
Conscription is a mandatory enlistment of individuals into the armed forces, typically during times of war or national emergency. Used to build a large army in a small amount of time.
1914-1916 conscription
Expectation | Reality(1917) |
---|---|
A short and adventurous war | voluntary enlistment plummets, death, disease, war profiteering on home front |
who was Robert Borden?
Canadian Prime Minister during World War I, known for his leadership and implementation of conscription.
1917 Federal election
Robert Borden (conservative): For conscription (Borden rigs election to win by passing 2 acts)
Wilfred Laurier(liberal): Against
What was the wartime elections act?
women related to men at war had the right to now vote.
What was the military voters act?
Men and women overseas in the war had the right to vote
what was the military service act?
Conscription for fighting in ww1 becomes low
Propaganda
subjective information used to influence audience and promote public support for a cause. The gov used it to encourage enlistment and victory bonds, promote support for the war, and boost military and civilian morale
What were enemy Aliens?
People in Canada that were connected to “enemy countries” at war with Canada+Allies. They were exposed to prejudice and discriminatory legislation by Canadian gov.
Internment Camps
“Enemy Aliens” forced to live in I.C for duration of war. Forced to do manual labour, possessions sold off. Camps were overcrowded and unsanitary, also left lasting impacts on families.
What was the War Measures act?
Allowed government to suspend civil liberties and due process leading to abuse of power (gave authority to arrest and detain people without trial)
Enlistment Biases
Systematic racism: affected recruitment process with many groups facing rejection or non combat roles. Indigenous soldiers faced the most extreme discrimination and prejudice.
Chinese Canadian Discrimination
They contributed to the development of Canada but were denied full citizenship and rights during ww1 (head tax)
Scond Battle of Ypres
Battle during WWI where Germans first used poison gas, causing heavy casualties among Allied troops. Took place in Belgium, April-May 1915. Where canadians gained name of Shock Troops
Battle of the Somme
A major WWI battle in 1916 between British and French forces against the Germans. Known for massive casualties and minimal territorial gains. Canadians aided with Arthur Currie leading them
Battle of Vimy Ridge
Led by Arthur Currie, A significant World War I battle in April 1917 where the Canadian Corps captured the strategic ridge from the Germans in France. Used Creeping Barrage tactic
What was the Creeping Barrage Tactic?
Tactic used in WWI where artillery fire moved slowly forward to support soldiers advance, keeping enemy troops pinned down and minimizing resistance.
Battle of Passchendaele (Third battle of Yreps)
Led by Arthur Currie, A World War I battle in 1917 where British and Allied forces fought German troops in Belgium. Known for its muddy conditions and high casualties.
Czar Nicholas II
Apart of the Romanov Dynasty(autocracy). The czar of Russia after his father died, he was untrained and unfit for his position. Took back promises of democratic freedom of his people years earlier
Russia in ww1
poor and lived off of the land as farmers, uneducated, forced to fight in the war with little and faulty weapons
Bloody Sunday
peaceful and unarmed protest outside of winter palace, They sent a petition to Tsar Nicolas II outlining the rising unemployment, famine, and poverty displaying their grievances against bureaucracy in general. IN responce the Czar ordered the protesters to be killed by the imperial guard. The start of the break of relations between Czar and his people
who was Rasputin?
was a Russian mystic and advisor to the Romanov family in the early 20th century. He had significant influence over Tsar Nicholas II and his wife due to his perceived ability to heal their son's hemophilia.Supposedly aided in Bolshevik takeover.
What does the Czar do to hopefully inspire soldiers?
He visits the eastern front due to the heavy losses from Germany.
What was the February revolution?
A spontaneous uprising in Russia in 1917 leading to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the establishment of a provisional government. Many from the Eastern front turned back and headed for the capital to help with protests.
What is the February revolutions significance?
The revolution leads to the end of the Romanov dynasty, Russias exit from ww1, Germanys ability to move troops from Russian fronts, and the formation of the USSR and Russias new rule under the Bolsheviks.
The Bolsheviks
Communist Party, Vladimir Lenin first leader of the party ruled from 1917-1991
Treaty of Brest-Livstock
Signed between USSR, Germany, A-H, and Ottoman empire. Gave Germany a large plot of land, treaty eventually annulled
Who was Woodrow Wilson?
President of the US at the time of ww1
American Isolationism
a Non-intervention policy where america would send supplies to Allied and central powers, making a profit off of the war
Sinking of the Lustiana
Germany had unrestricted submarine warfare. Meaning any ship in ocean waters were a target. The Lustiana was a civilian merchant American shp killing 1200 carried 128 Americans. Leading to America joining the war.
Zimmerman Telegram
A secret message sent by Germany to Mexico in 1917 proposing a military alliance against the US during WWI, intercepted by British intelligence.
Canadas last 100 days
During these days Canada spearheaded the war by helping push Germans back leading to an Armistice.
Cold Wars
Ideological struggle between the US(democracy) and Soviets(communism) following WWII
Iron Curtain
Term coined by Winston Churchill in 1946 to describe the ideological divide between Western Europe and the Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe during the Cold War.
NATO
U.S, Canada and western Euro countries promising mutual protection from threat of Soviets
Warsaw Pact
was a military alliance formed in 1955 by the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellite states in response to NATO.
What were the satellite states
Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania
Space Race
Competition between the US and USSR during the Cold War to explore space and achieve milestones like the first human in space and the moon landing.
Soviets first satilite in space and first person to travel in space
The Sputnik and Yuri Gargarin
Nasas Apollo program
leads to Apollo 11 landing on the moon with Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong being first men on moon
Nuclear Age
Believed nuclear weapons would show national strength and global influence and ensure peace
Mutual Deterrance
A theory of having huge stockpiles of nuclear weapons to scare off enemy countries from attacking in fear of nuclear retaliation
Mutually assured destruction (MAD)
If one bloc of countries attacked with bomb other side would retaliate with bombss
Igor Gouzenko Affair
Working for Soviet Embassy on Canada revealed Soviet Spy Ring in Canada U.S Britain, no one listened until his attempted kidnapping. released over 100 documents, granted asylum