Ggra30:finals prep

1. What types of GIS modelling was done to get the final result in the gypsy moth study?

a. Vector and raster data analysis was conducted

Which of the following can be a part of a typical GIS work on a daily basis?

d. All of the above

1. If all the city names from the target table get extracted despite the match after joining it with a source table, that means it is an inner join

False

1. Based on your reading, what should you recommend a new researcher if he/she asks you how they can design a sampling method for gypsy moth monitoring

a. Follow a grid pattern and make sure that there is random sampling

1. If I can extract the total area of a building using the GIS system, it is likely in following the geometry:

a. Polygon

1. You were drawing stream (river) lines in GIS to make a complete stream network. The small tributary of the stream didn't get connected to the main river where it should have connected. That is some kind of an error. In GIS what is that called?

Undershoot

Difference Between Undershoot and Overshoot:

Undershoot: A line does not reach far enough to connect to another line.

Overshoot: A line extends too far beyond the point where it should connect to another line.

Both undershoots and overshoots are common issues in the digitization of vector data and require careful correction to ensure the accuracy and usability of the spatial data in GIS.

1. A shapefile always contains only two files

a. true

b. false

false

A shapefile in GIS typically consists of at least three mandatory files, though it can include more. The three essential files are:

.shp: The file that contains the geometry or shape data (points, lines, polygons).

.shx: The shape index file that allows for fast searching of the geometry data.

.dbf: The database file that stores attribute data related to the shapes.

Additional files that might be included with a shapefile can include:

.prj: Contains the coordinate system and projection information.

.sbn and .sbx: Spatial index files that improve the performance of spatial queries.

.cpg: Specifies the character encoding for the .dbf file.

1. The mapping tech article summarizes the importance of the local knowledge and citizen-powered tech in the emergencies

a. True

b. False

True

1. We want to estimate tree canopy covered within the city of Toronto but only have 1000 location points randomly available within the city. So, we just decided to fill in the gap using a GIS technique it is called

Interpolation

1. I had a data set with values ranging from 1 to 100. I divided them into 5 categories with a range of 20 in each category. This ata classification method is called:

Equal Interval

1. The average income of a city block within the city of Missiassagua is not likely to change depending on whether we use dissemination area (smallest geographic census unit) or neighbourhood boundaries to aggregate the data and those two types of boundaries don't match with each other

False, area

1. Prime meridian divides the earth into the northern and southern hemisphere

False

The Prime Meridian divides the Earth into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

1. ArcGIS online is an example of the off-the-shelf product

True

1. The neighbourhood boundary used in class and published through ArcGIS online is an example of the

a. WFS (web feature service)

The Neighbourhood Boundary in ArcGIS Online is an Example of:

Vector Data:

Since neighborhood boundaries are typically represented by polygons (which are made up of vertices and lines), this data is an example of vector data. Vector data is used in GIS to represent features with distinct boundaries, such as political boundaries, land parcels, or roads.

Published Web Layer:

When data like a neighborhood boundary is shared or published online through a platform like ArcGIS Online, it becomes a web layer. A web layer can be accessed and used by others within the GIS environment.

Geospatial Data:

More broadly, the neighborhood boundary is a type of geospatial data—data that is associated with specific locations on the Earth's surface.

Summary:

The neighborhood boundary used in class and published through ArcGIS Online is an example of vector data (specifically a polygon), and when published online, it becomes a web layer or geospatial data that can be used for mapping and spatial analysis.

1. Graphical user interface (GUI) is given higher imporatance in modern application development which applies to web mapping as well.

a. False

a. True

True

Graphical user interface (GUI) is given higher importance in modern application development which applies to web mapping as

t/f

True

What is a Graphical User Interface (GUI)?

GUI is a type of user interface that allows users to interact with a computer or application through graphical elements like windows, icons, buttons, and menus, rather than text commands or code.

Examples include the interface you use to interact with your smartphone apps, web browsers, and even desktop operating systems like Windows or macOS.

In modern application development, the graphical user interface is crucial because it makes applications more accessible, easier to use, and more efficient. This is particularly true in web mapping, where GUIs allow users to interact with complex geospatial data through intuitive visual elements, making powerful tools available to a wide range of users.

1. If you are not a government agency, you don't need to worry about AODA until 2040 in Ontario

False

AODA stands for the Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act. This legislation was passed in 2005 in the province of Ontario, Canada, with the goal of making Ontario fully accessible for people with disabilities by the year 2025.

The statement that non-government agencies do not need to worry about AODA until 2040 is incorrect. All organizations in Ontario, regardless of whether they are government agencies, must work towards meeting AODA standards by 2025. Compliance with AODA is a legal requirement, and organizations need to actively ensure they are meeting the necessary standards well before 2040.

AODA applies to all organizations in Ontario, including:

Government Agencies

Businesses (large and small)

Non-profit Organizations

Public and Private Sector Employers

1. "I leave home at 3pm to get to campus by 4pm. I have been on time for my 4pm classes in the last three weeks. Therefore, leaving home at 3pm means I wil get to campus by 4pm what type of reasoning is it?

Inductive reasoning

1. What is probably the best use of ESRI's CityEngine? Pick the best one form below

a. Transform two-dimensional GIS data into smart 3D models

1. All cars have tires. Toyota Corolla is a car, therefore, Toyota Corolla has tires." This is an example of deductive reasoning

T/F

True

1. A building can be represented as a point or a polygon inGIS

T/F

True

1. What helps with extrapolating

Trendline

Extrapolation is the process of estimating or predicting values beyond the range of known data points. A trendline is a tool that helps with extrapolation by showing the overall direction or pattern in a set of data points, and it can be extended to predict future values.

1. Empirical evidence is the only thing that doesn't follow a scientific process

TF

False

1. Peter wants to figure out whether a pond in his backyard can sustain a healthy population of fish. What would be the right order for the best course of actions for him?

Design, Plan, Execute, Observe, Analyze and conclude

a. Design a plan to stock fish, stock fish in the pond, observe over time by collecting data, analyze how many survived and conclude

1. A variable in data set is not likely to change at all

T/F

False

1. Which of the following was a strongly debated counter-argumnet about the causes of Cholera against John Snow's theory?

a. Plague-pit theory

The Plague Pit Theory was a counter-argument to John Snow's waterborne theory of cholera, suggesting that cholera was caused by the disturbance of ancient burial sites rather than contaminated water. This theory was part of the broader belief in miasma, which was eventually disproven as the understanding of infectious diseases evolved. John Snow's work played a crucial role in shifting the understanding of cholera transmission from these older theories to the correct identification of contaminated water as the source.

4o

1. Why were there fewer victims in the households where Lambeth water company supplied water?

a. Lambeth company moved the source of their water in the cleaner part of Thames river

The key factor in the reduced number of cholera victims in households supplied by the Lambeth Water Company was the cleaner water source. By drawing water from a less polluted part of the Thames, the Lambeth Water Company provided a safer drinking water supply, thereby protecting its customers from the cholera outbreak that affected those who consumed more contaminated water. This finding was crucial in supporting John Snow's theory that cholera was spread through contaminated water, not "bad air" or miasma.

1. Why did the presence of the two companies create a "natural experiment" for John Snow?

a. The area of mixed delivery would allow Snow to compare the neighbourhoods of identical conditions while water was supplied from different suppliers

Explanation:

Same Population, Different Water Sources:

In certain neighborhoods in London, households that were otherwise similar in terms of living conditions, socio-economic status, and environment were receiving water from two different suppliers: Lambeth Water Company and Southwark and Vauxhall Water Company.

- The key difference was the source of the water they supplied:

Lambeth Water Company had moved its intake to a cleaner, less polluted part of the River Thames upstream.

Southwark and Vauxhall Water Company continued to draw water from a more polluted, downstream part of the river, which was contaminated with sewage and other waste.

Natural Experiment:

A "natural experiment" occurs when conditions allow for a comparison between different groups in a real-world setting without deliberately manipulating the environment.

- In this case, the "experiment" was naturally occurring because the two companies supplied water to households in the same area under the same conditions, but with different levels of contamination.

Comparison of Outcomes:

- Since the populations were similar and the only major difference was the water source, Snow could confidently attribute the difference in cholera cases to the quality of the water.

Significance:

- This natural experiment provided strong evidence for Snow's hypothesis that cholera was spread through contaminated water, not through "bad air" or other environmental factors. It allowed him to make a compelling case for waterborne transmission of cholera without needing to conduct a traditional experiment.

1. People with long legs are likely run faster is probably an example of a correlation study

False/True

True

Why is relational database important?

. It is more efficient for data storage retrieval and indexing

1. I tried to type COVID-19 under the date field but I could not do that in a database. Why did that happen

a. The database enforeced that COVID-19 is not a date field

1. The relational database is a collection of data items as a set of related tables from which data can be accessed or queried in many different ways without having to reorganize the tables

T/F

True

1. What was the outcome of the grand experiment?

a. There were comparatively fewer deaths if the residents drank water from Lambeth Water company

1. General Purpose map of the US means it shows specific information about the attributes in the US

False

1. Small scale map covers a larger area whereas a large scale map covers a small area

True

1. The city of Mississauga as a point displayed by some maps, such as Google Map, is an example of a true point, not a conceptual point

False

1. What types of GIS modeling were done to get the final result in the gypsy moth study?

a. Vector and raster data analysis was conducted

1. Which of the following can be a part of a typical GIS work on a daily basis?

a. Scanning the landscape and extraacting geographic information using various equipment

b. Creating a map and showing thematic patterns

c. Addressing issues related to data and coming up with a solution

d. All of the above

1. If all the city names from the target table get extracted despite the match after joining it with a source table, that means it is an inner join

a. False

Inner Join:

Definition: Combines rows from two tables where there is a match in the specified columns.

Result: Only includes records that have matching values in both tables.

Outer Join:

Definition: Combines rows from two tables and includes all records from one or both tables, regardless of whether they have a matching record in the other table.

1. Based on your reading, what should you recommend a new researcher if he/she asks you how they can design a sampling method for gypsy moth monitoring

a. Follow a grid pattern and make sure that there is random sampling

The recommendation to follow a grid pattern with random sampling ensures that the entire study area is systematically covered while avoiding sampling bias. This method provides a balanced and accurate representation of the gypsy moth population, leading to more reliable data for monitoring and decision-making.

Random sampling helps to avoid bias in the data. If you only sample in certain locations, like near roads or in easily accessible areas, you might not get a true representation of the gypsy moth population across the entire area. Random sampling within the grid ensures that each part of the study area has an equal chance of being sampled, leading to more accurate and reliable results.