Child Development-1st semester final review

1st semester content made from PowerPoints and notes

Apgar

Rating scale to measure the physical health of newborn.

Apgar Score

Given 1 and 5 minutes after birth. Measures - appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration. Score of 10 is highest: 7 or higher - healthy, 4-7 - immediate medical attention, Below 4 - critical care needed.

Average Newborn Weight

An average newborn is 7½ lbs.

Average Newborn Length

An average newborn is 20 inches.

Weight Gain by 4 Months

Infants double birthweight by 4 months.

Weight Gain by 1 Year

Infants triple birthweight by 1 year.

Height at Age Two

By age two, they are (32 - 36") about ½ their adult height.

Weight at Age Two

By age two, they are (30lbs) ¼ their adult weight.

Newborn Sleep Requirement

Newborns need 15-17 hours of sleep a day.

Factors Affected by Sleep

Emotional regulation, Psychological development, Physical growth, Brain maturation, Learning.

Co-Sleeping

Some families practice 'co-sleeping,' in which the family shares a bed.

Co-Sleeping Risks

Co-sleeping infants are at risk for roll-over deaths, less at risk for SIDS.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

Infants under one year are at highest risk; no single cause has been identified.

Factors Increasing SIDS Risk

Sleep position, Soft toys and bedding, Smoking during pregnancy, Exposure to second-hand smoke, Premature birth or low birth weight, Respiratory infections, Lack of prenatal care.

Cortex

The outer layers of the brain that regulate higher functions.

Neuron

A nerve cell of the central nervous system.

Axon

A nerve fiber that transmits messages.

Dendrite

A nerve fiber that receives messages.

Transient Exuberance

Rapid proliferation of new neural connections in infancy.

Pruning

Makes the brain more efficient by eliminating underused connections.

Experience-Expectant Brain Functions

Require basic common experiences, e.g., one language - expected.

Experience-Dependent Brain Functions

Depend on exposure to particular events, e.g., learning multiple languages - not expected.

Infant Senses

The 5 senses which function at birth are vision, hearing, taste, touch, smell.

Sensation

The response of the sensory organs to stimuli - the physical response of the body.

Perception

The brain's processing of the sensation which develops over time - understanding or becoming aware of something through the senses.

Function at birth

is the least mature sense at birth

Motor Skills

Motor skills develop according to two principles: a pattern of growth that proceeds from head-to-toe and a pattern of growth that proceeds from torso outward (e.g., sucking before grasping)

Cephalocaudal

A principle of motor skill development that indicates growth from head to toe

Proximodistal

A principle of motor skill development that indicates growth from torso outward

Involuntary Motor Reflexes

Reflexes account for the first motor skills, including survival reflexes

Residual or Primitive reflexes

Includes rooting, sucking, swallowing, breathing, sneezing, crying, shivering, Babinski, Moro, swimming, grasping, and stepping reflexes

Gross Motor Skills

Physical abilities involving large body movements

Examples of Gross Motor Skills

Crawling, sitting, walking

Mastery of motor skills

Requires muscle strength, brain maturation, and practice

Fine Motor Skills

Physical abilities involving small body movements, especially of the hands and fingers

Examples of Fine Motor Skills

Learning to grasp, shake, pull an object, hold a spoon, write, draw, etc.

One to Four Months Development

Is awake for longer periods, continues to experience rapid weight gain, begins to show some voluntary control, communicates by crying, cooing, eye contact, participates in reciprocal social interaction, imitates sounds and gestures, responds differently to familiar and unfamiliar persons

Four to Eight Months Development

Double their birth weight by four months, become very active as new motor skills and voluntary control develop, recognize name and simple commands, babble and utter responses, begin to explore their environments

Importance of Play

Play builds skills across all developmental domains, self-esteem, curiosity and creativity, problem-solving skills, trust, and skills that children will continue to use and build on

Eight to Twelve Months Development

Grows at a slower rate, begins to gain some deliberate control of movements: crawling, may attempt to walk, has pincer grasp, follows simple directions, babbles and makes sounds to gain attention, begins to show 'stranger anxiety'

Infant Mortality

Death of a child less than one year of age

Causes of Infant Mortality

Need for better nutrition, cleaner water (dehydration from diarrhea), and immunization

Global Infant Mortality Rate

Globally, 10 million children die before their 5th birthday, most in developing countries

Breastfeeding

Advantages: right mix of nutrients; fewer digestive upsets; bonding, fewer illnesses and food allergies; can be frozen and fed later. Disadvantages: mother must be available; increases mother's nutrient needs; can limit father's involvement in the feeding process, mastitis.

Formula Feeding

Advantages: more freedom for mother; composition of formulas is similar to human milk; anyone can feed the infant. Disadvantages: cost; lack of antibodies present in human milk; requires careful mixing and sanitation.

Malnutrition

Negative effects of malnutrition include: brains may not develop normally, death more likely from occurring illnesses, diseases caused by malnutrition.

Stunting

The failure of children to grow to normal height for their age due to severe and chronic malnutrition.

Wasting

The tendency for children to be severely underweight for their age as a result of malnutrition.

Developmental Theories

A framework for explaining patterns and problems of development.

Psychoanalytic Theory

Irrational, unconscious drives and motives, often originating in childhood, underlie human behavior.

Behaviorism

Study of observable behavior; describes the laws and processes by which behavior is learned.

Cognitive Theory

Focus on changes in how people think over time; also thoughts shape our attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.

Freud's Psychosexual Stages

Each stage relates to a sensual satisfaction with different areas of the body and is linked to developmental needs and challenges.

Freud's Stage: Birth to 1 year

The lips, tongue, and gums are the focus of pleasurable sensations in the baby´s body, and sucking and feeding are the most stimulating activities.

Freud's Stage: 1-3 years

The anus is the focus of pleasurable sensations in the baby´s body, and toilet training is the most important activity.

Freud's Stage: 3-6 years

The phallus, or penis, is the most important body part, and pleasure is derived from genital simulations.

Freud's Stage: 6-11 years

Not really a stage, latency is an interlude during which sexual needs are quiet and children put psychic energy into conventional activities like schoolwork and sports.

Freud's Stage: Adolescence

The genitals are the focus of pleasurable sensations, and the young person seeks sexual stimulation and sexual satisfaction in heterosexual relationships.

Freud's Stage: Adulthood

Freud believed that the genital stage lasts throughout adulthood. He also said that the goal of a healthy life is 'to love and to work.'

Positive Behavior Guidance

Respond to infant cries/needs to build trust, help infants learn to soothe themselves, create a safe environment, maintain routine eating/sleeping schedules, begin to teach older infants the meaning of 'no' - do not punish them but give attention.

Nature vs Nurture

Factors that influence children's growth and development.

Developmental Delays

Recognizing developmental delays and irregularities.

Practical Guidance from Theories

Offer practical guidance for promoting children's development.

Id

One of the three parts of personality according to Freud, representing the primal desires and instincts.

Ego

One of the three parts of personality according to Freud, acting as the mediator between the id and the superego.

Superego

One of the three parts of personality according to Freud, representing moral standards and ideals.

Psychoanalytic Theory

The grand theory which explains that development is influenced by both biological drives and social and emotional experiences.

Freud

The psychologist responsible for developing the theory that our personality is made up of three parts and created the psychosexual stages.

Erikson

The psychologist responsible for creating the psychosocial stages and indicating that personality development is a lifelong process.

Fixation

A condition when development is blocked because conflicts are not resolved within Freud's psychosexual stages.

Identity Crisis

A condition when development is blocked because conflicts are not resolved within Erikson's psychosocial stages.

Behaviorism

The study of observable behavior and the theory explaining the acquisition of habits and competencies.

Classical Conditioning

A learning process where a neutral stimulus brings about a certain response after repeated pairings.

Operant Conditioning

A learning process involving positive or negative reinforcement to shape behavior.

Social Learning Theory

The theory that learning occurs through observation and imitation of others.

White Coat Syndrome

A phenomenon where the sight of a doctor's white coat causes blood pressure to rise in some patients.

Healthy Blood Pressure

A blood pressure reading of 120/80.

High Blood Pressure

A blood pressure reading of 140/90.

Erikson's Psychosocial Stages

Stages of personality development that occur throughout life, focusing on social and cultural influences.

Trust vs. Mistrust

The first psychosocial stage where babies either trust caregivers or develop mistrust.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

The second psychosocial stage where children become self-sufficient or doubt their abilities.

Initiative vs. Guilt

The third psychosocial stage where children want to undertake adult-like activities or feel guilty.

Industry vs. Inferiority

The fourth psychosocial stage where children learn to be competent or feel inferior.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

The fifth psychosocial stage where adolescents establish identities or feel confused about their roles.

Classical Conditioning

A learning process that occurs through associations between an environmental stimulus and a naturally occurring stimulus.

Operant Conditioning

A method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior.

Social Learning Theory

Emphasizes the influence that other people have over a person's behavior, involving learning by observation and imitation.

Cognitive Theory of Development

Theory of human development that focuses on changes in how people think over time.

Sensorimotor Stage

Birth to 2 years; infants use senses and motor abilities to understand the world.

Object Permanence

The understanding that an object still exists when it is out of sight.

Preoperational Stage

2 - 6 years; children think magically and poetically, using language to understand the world.

Egocentric Thinking

A characteristic of the preoperational stage where children perceive the world from their own perspective.

Concrete Operational Stage

6 - 11 years; children understand and apply logical operations to interpret experiences.

Formal Operational Stage

12 years through adulthood; adolescents and adults think about abstractions and hypothetical concepts.

Cognitive Development

The process of growth and change in intellectual capabilities.

Sociocultural Theory

Development results from the dynamic interaction of each person with the surrounding social and cultural forces.

Zone of Proximodistal Development

The difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can do with help.

Attachment Theory

The theory that emphasizes the importance of the bond between a child and their caregiver.

B.F. Skinner

A psychologist known for his work in operant conditioning.

Ivan Pavlov

A psychologist known for his research in classical conditioning.