environmental science

Soil

is the top layer of the Earth’s surface where plants grow. It’s a natural mixture of minerals, organic matter, water, air, and living organisms.

Geologists

Study the earths strength , composition and history

Horzions

Organic

Surface

Subsoil

Substratum

Bedrock

Civil engineering

Focuses on the physical characteristics of the soil in relation to the construction

Ecologists

The interaction between livings things and their environment ecosystems could be on land or water

What is the foundation for ecologists

Soil

What is the foundation for aquatic system

Water

Agricultural scientists

Study interaction between plants soils , livestock and their environment

agroecosystem

• Studying farming systems as ecosystems—how plants, animals, soil, water, and humans interact.

Functions of soil ?

Anchoring plants

Supplying air to roots

Supplying water and nutrients

Hydroponics

Growing of plants in water

Aeroponics

Is the growing of plants suspended in air by applying mist

What are plants products used for

Food , feed , clothing and biofuels

What is agriculture main focus

Plants and animal production in sustainable manner

Who is Thomas Malthus and what did he do ?

Wrote on the principle the green revolution (1960) and founder of it as a father and saved billion of lives

What was the green revolution

Initiates to transfer agricultural technologies to developing countries, including high yielding and disease resistant semi dwarf wheat

Biodiversity or biological diversity

The variety of live in world , a specific habitat , or a geographical location

Ecosystem service

Benefit humans gain from ecosystem biodiversity ( food , feed , clean air , water and medicinal )

what is it called when you need to find the grain of a plant weight

Harvest index

what is soil composed for

inorganic minerals and organic compounds

inorganic

portion of soil includes soil minerals , air and water

organic compounds

consists of plant and animal residues / mircorganics

what is decompostion plays a part for

organic compound

what does organic and inorganic soil particles form

granules and cpds

what fills the soil pores

water and air

what is oxgen used for

plants roots for respiration

what does water do

it is the soil solution which caused dissolving and when it filles the pores it displace the air

soil provides

habitatl , home for wide variety of microorganisms and animals

what are present for microorganisms

fungi and bacteria

what are the soil animals

worms,insects, earthworms and nematodes

succesful crop

growth and yield depend greatly on these nutrient recycling processes

what are the layers for the crust

crust,mantle and core

crust

earth outermost

mantle

the layer belong crust

core

the innermost layer

what caused the thickness of the crust

the location

what is the conteints of the crust

30 miles thickness

under ocean floor on the crust is about

2 to 3 miles on thick

what elements crust have

al,fe , ca , na , k and Mg

crust have 74% of what

oxygen and silicon

what is the negative charge oxygen

o2- anion

what is the postive charge oxygen

silicon s4+

rocks

are naturally occurring solid aggregate's of minerals

different types of rocks

igneous,sedimentary and metamorphic

igeneous rocks

created when mollen lava cools and crystallizes (grantile and basalt)

sedimentary rocks

form through accumulation and compaction of sediment often in water( shale and limestone)

metamorphic rocks

undergo structure an compositional changes due to intense heat and pressure(marble)

what are the earth minerals

they have 90% slicates made up of oxygen and silicon

what is mica

is a sicate mineral that contains aluminum and potassium

five differnt soil formation factors

parent material , climate , organisms , relif of topograqphy and time

what does soil forming process caused

physical weather, chemical weathering , leaching and the accumulation of organic matter

what does the climate and organisms act on

parent material and topography

parent materials

primary rocks is the igneous,sedimentary , metamorphic and sediments from water or wind such as sand and slit

types of parent material inogranic materna determines soil properties

rock is low in calicum and the soil becomes acidic

topography

determines water movement and susceprbity to erosion/ soil formed upland is lowland and steep vs flat land

steep land

is susceptible to erosion

weathering

is breaking down of rocks and minerals by natural forces

climate factors

temperature , water

what does soil temp determines

the rate chemical recators

biological processes

minerals break down at higher rates in warm temp

what does high temp does

evapro transpiriation

evaporation

is the loss of water from soil and transpiration is loss of water form plants

preciapation

rain,snow etc dissolving minerals that will be leaching

low precipation

soluble minerals may acculmate in the soil and after soil properties

organisms

plants, animals, microorganisms, microbiome and living in the soil

what does the organisms do

they influence the accumulation of organic matter in soil

bacteria

are dominant in praire veggie

fungi

dorminat of forset vegation

time

time of the soil formation process , with older horizons are older