Learn: Animal Systematics | Quizlet

Intro to Taxonomy

Carl Linnaeus

Coined the scientific study of diversity within organisms and the relationships between them.

Agnatha

jawless fish: lamprey and hagfish

Placodermi

armored fish (extinct)

Chondrichthyes

cartilaginous fish (sharks, rays)

Osteichthyes

bony fishes

Sarcopterygii

class of lobe-finned fish that evolved to develop into terrestrial tetrapods such as humans, dogs, and deers.

Actinopterygii

Class of ray-finned fishes.

Taxonomy

The science of classifying organisms

Alpha taxonomy

The naming and definition of species in classification

Beta taxonomy

The mapping out of relationships between species in evolutionary line.

Gamma taxonomy

Study of intraspecific variation

Functions of taxonomy

- Diagnostic of differences between species

- Indicator of relationships between species

Morphology / Anatomy

Internal and External features of an animal

Physiology

the study of how the body and its parts work or function

Poikilotherm

An animal whose body temperature depends on the external temperature of the surrounding environment.

Homoiotherms

Animals that can maintain their body temperature regardless of the outside environment

Endotherm

An organism that is internally warmed by a heat-generating metabolic process

Exotherm

internal temperature is maintained by heat from their surroundings

Linnaeus (1735)

Two Kingdoms:

Vegetabalia

Animalia

Haeckal (1866)

Three kingdoms:

Protista

Plantae

Animalia

Chatton (1925)

Two empires:

Prokaryota

Eukaryota

Copeland (1938)

Two empires

Four Kingdoms:

- Monera

- Protista

- Plantae

- Animalia

Whittaker (1969)

Two empires

Five Kingdoms:

-Monera

-Protista

-Plantae

-Animalia

-Fungi

Woese (1977)

Two empires

Six Kingdoms:

- Eubacteria

- Archeobacteria

- Protista

- Fungi

- Plantaae

- Animalia

Woese et al. (1990

Three domains:

- Bacteria

- Archaea

- Eucarya

Cavalier-Smith (1993)

3 Superkingdoms

8 Kingdoms:

- Eubacteria

- Archeobacteria

- Archezoa

- Protozoa

- Chromista

- Fungi

- Plantaae

- Animalia

Cavalier-Smith (1998)

Two empires

Six kingdoms:

Bacteria

Protozoa

Chromista

Fungi

Plantaae

Animalia

Ruggiero et al. (2015)

Two empires

Seven Kingdoms

Bacteria

Archaea

Protozoa

Chromista

Fungi

Plantaae

Animalia

Holotype

a single type specimen upon which the description and name of a new species is based.

Paratype

a specimen not formally designated as a type but cited along with the type collection in the original description of a species

Syntype

any one of two or more specimens cited by the original author when no holotype was designated or any one of two or more specimens simultaneously designated as types.

Lectotype

a type specimen of a given species selected among syntypes to serve as primary type when no holotype was indicated at time of description

Neotype

a type specimen of a given species that serves as a replacement for a lost or destroyed holotype; typically selected from among paratypes

Topotype

a specimen of a species collected at the locality at which the original type was obtained