Knapp 2070 Test 1

social constructs

shared societal and social perception

Arnett’s ideas

emerging adulthood is a period of identity before having long-term commitments

Influences on lifespan

1. Cohort: people you’re born at the same time with

2. History-graded influences: wars, famines, diseases

3. Age-graded influences: biological/environmental similar for everyone at that time like the timing of walking/talking

4. sociocultural-graded: race, socioeconomic status, rich/poor

5. non-normative life events: father dying when you’re a child

Continuous change vs Discontinuous

Continuous: gradual (building on steps before it); like toward walking

Discontinuous: distinct steps or stages with different qualities than one before it

maturation

aspect of development that unfolds based on genes with limited input from environment

Tapala raza

You’re born a blank slate and your environment affects you most

theories

predictions concerning an interest that has previous research on the facts/principles behind it

psychodynamic perspective

Freud, the unconcious determines our personalities and behavior

not supported by evidence and research was not diverse

good for understanding past but not future

Eros vs Thanatos

Eros: Life instinct, wants to reproduce and connect with people

Thanatos: Death instinct, wants to destroy

ID vs EGO vs SUPEREGO

ID- impulsive, irrational, drives to hunger, sex, and aggression

EGO- the balancing one, reality principle

SUPEREGO- The rules and moral constructs

psychosexual theory (fixation)

bodily pleasures at different ages

fixation: too much or too little gratification can cause a behavior reflecting earlier stage of development

psychosocial theory

Erickson

Focuses on entire lifespan

Changes in our understandings of people, social interactions, and how we fit into society

distinct and fixed pattern on a crisis at one stage in life that the individual must get over before their next stage

too vague to test

behavioral perspective

development occurs due to environmental exposures

quantitative not qualitative

includes operant and classical conditioning

thinks people are easy to manipulate

Watson vs Skinner

Watson: classical conditioning, changing the environment to produce behavior

Skinner: operant conditioning, people choose how to change their behavior based on environmental changes

behavior modification

using operant conditioning to increase wanted and decrease unwanted behaviors

Social cognitive learning

Bandura

learning by observation of someone else

more used than behavioral perspective

our mental activity matters when changing our behaviors

Cognitive development theory (information processing, cognitive neuroscience)

Piaget

fixed sequence of stages

in each stage, our quantity and quality of knowledge increases

1. Information processing: how we take in and store information

2. Cognitive neuroscience: actual locations and functions of brain related to different cognitive activity (has identified genes associated with some diorders)

Humanistic Perspective (Rodgers and Maslow)

people make decisions about their life and control their own behavior

people naturally seek to reach their full potential

1. Rodgers: people have a wish for positive regard and want to be loved and respected

2. Maslow: people achieve their highest potential when they reach a state of self-fulfillment called self actualization

has not really identified anything new about different points in life, but has contributed to other studies and research

contextual perspective

considers relationships with people and their contexts

bioecological perspective

1. microsystem: individual setting, your location (ex: home, work)

2. mesosytem: how location affects free-time or other things like that

3. exosystem: how location effects relationships that person doesn’t have control over (ex: husband brings bad mood home because of work)

4. macrosystem: larger cultural and societal influences (ex. dictatorship, economic status you grew up in)

5. chronosystem: historical time in life (ex. kids relative to others, rise of AI, wars, social movements)

PRO: emphasizes how environment effects development and that influences come from all over and even broad cultural things can affect the person

Collectivism vs individualism

Collectivism: well-being of group more important than yourself

Individualism: focusing on personal identity, uniqueness, freedom

sociocultural theory

Vygotsky

cognitive development occurs because of interactions and problem-solving with other people . Argues that the meaningfulness of something is varies in different cultures

Reciprocal transactions between people in environment and child

PROS: understand how environment shapes perspective

CONS: ignores biological factors, ignores that people can shape their own environment

Evolutionary Perspective (ethology and behavioral genetics)

Darwin

genetic inheritance determines physical and personality traits

1. Ethology: Lorenz, how biological makeup influences behavior

2. Behavioral genetics: how heredity effects behavior

CONS: insufficient attention to environmental factors, can’t support what is derived by evolution

Hawthorn effect

people change their behavior because they know they are being watched

Ethnography

living in a part of the world for some time to understand patterns

Theoretical research vs Applied research

1. Theoretical: focuses to expand knowledge

2. Applied: wants to solve a problem

Measurements of developmental change

1. Longitudinal: study same group of people for prolonged period

2. Cross sectional: study different ages at same time

3. look at different age groups at several points in life

Ethics of research

1. freedom of harm: not gonna expose you to more harm than normal day

2. informed consent: people can decide if they want to do it

3. Justified deception: deception must be necessary to research

4. maintenance of privacy: keeping name and data sheets encrypted

Lifespan developmentalists study…

change, growth, stability, consistency, continuity

Different types of development

1. Physical: changes in brain, nervous system etc.

2. Cognitive: problem-solving, memory, intelligence

3. Personality: characteristics that make us different

4. Social: how we interact and perceive others

Genes vs alleles vs chromosomes vs autosomes

1. Genes: contain DNA that encode for characteristics

2. Alleles: different versions of genes

3. Chromosomes: collection of genes (46 of em)

4. Autosomes: contain most genetic info (22 pairs of em, 23rd is sex chromosome)

Mutations definition in regard to birth

post-zygotic differences in DNA making the monozygotic twins different (15%)

Androgen (gonads)

hormone secreted by genes that cause genitals to develop

if not present then it’ll be a female

determines gonads: testes in males, ovaries in females

X-linked disorders

More common in men because they don’t have a chromosome to counteract it

ex. hemophilia, red-green blindness

Polygenetic Inheritance

interaction of many genes rather than just one may influence the phenotype (skin color, eye color)

multifactor inheritance definition

physical traits affected by genes and environment (ex. height)

reaction range definition

range of possibilities by genes but environment determines where you fall in that range

phenylketonuria

recessive gene

baby can’t digest amino acid phenylalanine

causes toxins to build in brain

can be treated with diet

sickle-cell anemia

recessive gene disorder

red cell deformities (shaped like crescent rather than donut)

more common in african americans

blocks blood flow and causes pain

tay-sach’s disease

recessive disorder

born without enzymes needed clear out fatty proteins for vital functions like hearing, seeing etc.

born common in european jewish babies

no treatment and always fatal for infants

huntington’s disease

dominant gene disorder

brain deterioration and problems with psychological and motor functioning

diagnosed in adulthood

fragile-x syndrome

sex-linked disorder (meaning found on chromosome usually from recessive gene)

spotted on x-chromosome

increasing developmental delays

chromosomal errors (definition and example)

too many or few chromosomes

Trisomies: 3 copies of specific autosome

ex. down syndrome

Klinefelter syndrome

males with extra x chromosome

language/learning difficulties and may experience breast development

turner syndrome

associated with single x pattern (XO)

anatomically female but need hrmones at puberty to develop breasts and menstruate

sterile

XYY

boys with an extra y chromosome

usually taller with larger teeth

normal puberty and not sterile

ultrasounds

produce image of embryo

detects large physical abnormalities

chorionic villus sampling

takes samples of hairlike material surrounding embryo through cervix or abdominal wall

amniocentesis

needle that gathers small sample of fetal cells

3 stages of labor

1. dilation (opening of cervix) and effacement (thinning/flattening of cervix)

• latent phase: contractions far apart

• active phase: cervix is 3-4 centimeters dilated and goes until 8

• transition phase: last 2 centimeters, most painful

2. delivery of baby

• episiotomy: incision of perineum to increase opening of vagina

3. afterbirth

• umbilical cord and placenta are removed

types of birthing procedures

1. Lamaze breathing: dealing with pain through breathing techniques

2. Bradley method: partner coached childbirth with no pain medication

3. hypnobirthing: self hypnosis during birthing

4. water birthing: gives birth in pool of water because weighlessness reduces discomfort

types of drugs during delivery

1. epidural anesthesia: can’t feel anything below waist

2. Walking epidural: continuous delivery of medication, more movement allowed

preterms vs low weight vs small for age vs very low weight vs postmature (number markings)

1. Preterm: less than 38 weeks

2. Postmature: not born until 2 weeks after due date

3. low-birthweight: less than 5.5 lbs

4. very low-birthweight: weights less than 2.25 lbs

5. small for gestational age: weight 90% or less of average infants of that age

Respiratory distress syndrome

in babies usually born 6+ weeks early

lack of surfactant that keeps air sacs intact

also called hyaline membrane disorder

age of viability (definition, time marker, and things that affect it)

when can live outside of womb (usually 22 weeks)

affected by multiple births, general health, young mothers, and unknown (50%)

First stage of prenatal period (blastocyst, placenta, umbilical cord, implantation, amnion)

1. Germinal stage: first two weeks. conception to implantation. After 24 hrs, cell brings to decide and four days later, cells are different

   • Blastocyst: outer cells form structure to support organism while inner form the embryo

   • Placenta formed for oxygen to transfer from baby to mother. blood doesn’t mix

   • umbilical cord: group of specialized cells that connects individual to placenta

   • implantation = burried in uterine wall

   • amnion = fluid-filled sac that contains individual

Second stage of prenatal period (ecto- vs endo- vs mesoderm)

2. embryonic stage

• end of second week to about week 8

• ectoderm: skin and nervous system

• endoderm: inner layer that contains viscera

• mesoderm: middle layer with muscle and bone

week 3- spinal cord forms

week 4- brain, ribs, heart beats, and face shapes

week 5- arms, legs and lungs develop

week 6: gonads develop and brain produces electrical signal

week 7: visible skeletons, mostly everything is formed

week 8: liver and spleen function so baby can filter its own blood. systems are functioning

Third stage of prenatal period

3. Fetal stage

grows to about 7-8 lbs

increase to about 20in

now known as fetus

infertility and IVF

1. infertility: can’t conceive after 12-18 months of trying

2. Artificial insemination: sperm placed in vagina by doctor (500-4000 dollars)

3. In vitro fetilization: eggs are removed and combined with sperm in lab (12,000-20,000 dollars)

teratogens

environmental agents that produce or increase risk in birth defects

when systems form, they are most at risk (usually in stage 2). so introduction of drugs etc during this time may lead to an undeveloped structure

effects of german measles on baby

usually short-lived reaction in adult but fatal to infants

causes blindness, deafness, heart defects, and brain abnormalities

impact of use of weed, heroin, smoking, and alcohol on baby

marijuana: sleep problems, little interest in surroundings, higher risk of disabilities

heroin: 60-80% are gonna be addicted as well and can lead to premature or death

tobacco: half a pound lighter, greater risk for ADHD and other learning disorders

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: small brains, heart defects, and facial abnormalities

fathers can cause second-hand smoke problems and stress and some drugs cause damage to chromosomes

Age Height and Weight makers

newborn- 7 lbs, 20 in

5 months- 15 lbs

1 year old- 22 lbs, 30 in

2 years old- 30 lbs, 3 feet

6 years old- 46 lbs, 46 in

11 years old- boys are 4’9”, girls are 4’10” (only time girls are taller)

rhythms (definition in terms of behavior)

repetitive cycles of behavior (sleeping, eating, shitting)

infant’s state (definition)

how aware they are

autostimulation (definition)

REM sleep gives infants a way to stimulate their brain

changes in body by age

1. preschool: arms/legs continuously grow, head ratio becomes more regular

2. elementary school: grow about 2-3 inches everyyear

3. eventually boys grow 4 inches slowly every year while girls grow 3.5 fast

andorgens vs estrogens

Androgen: male hormones

estrogen: female hormones

we have both

senesence

natural physical decline due to age

primary vs secondary aging

primary: natural and irreversible (skin sags)

secondary: preventable (illness, sun damage, smoking)

why are women susceptible to osteoporosis

related to estrogen

25% of women over 60 y/o have it and commonly results in broken bones

preventable with exercise and calcium

genterologists

people who study effects of aging

what they call different ages of old people

65-75: young old, still exercise, no major declines

75-85: old old, some health problems

85+: oldest old, fragile and need care

synaptic pruning

weakest synapses removed as baby (good thing bc it means we are more efficient)

What grows fastest in babies

The brain because of cells and increase in myelin

Parts of brain

1. Cerebral cortex: thin layer on surface of brain for thinking

2. Subcortical levels: structures that regulate body activities like breathing and heart rate

3. Corpus callosum: nerve fibers that connect the two hemispheres of brsin

Plasticity definition

Degree to which a structure is modifiable

Lateralization in brain

Some functions carried out more in one side of brain than other

Where individuals differ: left handedness has verbal info in right side. males have greater language lateralization in left side but females it’s equal. Could be from differences in corpus callosum or environment

Left: verbal and info processing (reading, thinking, reasoning)

Right: nonverbal (music, emotions, patterns)

Extreme male brain

Baron-cohen theory

People with autism process world through male lens and take interest in male topics like machines and weather

Types of reflexes

1. Moro reflex: when dropped, arms go out, back arches, then arms back to centerline

2. Babinski: big toe extends upward and others fan when side of foot is touched

3. Rooted: when cheek is touched, infant opens mouth

Gross motor milestones by age

6 months: can move by themselves, sit unsupported

8 months: crawling

9-12 months walk alone and hold onto furniture

3 years: jump, skip, run

4 years: throw a ball accurately

5 years: toss a ring into a peg, ride bike, ski

Boys greater strength gives them an advantage while girls coordinations gives them an advantage but overall, they’re about the same today

Fine motor skill milestones

3 months: can coordinate limbs

11 months: grasp object

2 months: drink from cup without spilling

4 years old: fold paper into triangles and print name with crayons

5 years: use a pencil

6: tie shoes and fasten buttons

8: use each hand independently

11: can manipulate objects almost as easy as adults

Changes are due to myelination affecting neural message to muscle for coordination

Handedness

Preference for one hand over other by 7 months old

benefits, types, and stages of art

Helps with fine motor skills, planning, restraint and self correction

3 years old: swish paint across canvas without thought of final result

5 years old: spend more time thinking of final result and will reproduce art to fix mistakes

1. Scribbling stage: shapes

2. Design stage: more than one simple shape into complex one

3. Pictorial stage: 4-5 years old, begin to make recognizable objects

What is the Brazelton neonatal behavioral assessment scale

Determines infants neurological and behavioral responses to environment

Sensation vs perception

Sensation: stimulation of sense organs

Perception: sorting out, interpretation, and analysis of stimuli

Binocular vision definition

Use of both eyes to perceive depth

Newborns can’t see far

Sound localization

Determine where sound is coming from

Reached at 1 year old when they can differentiate moms voice too

Worse for babies because of their small heads

Begins prenatally

Infants more sensitive to high and low frequency but not medium

Smell and taste in infancy

React to unpleasant smells and tastes from birth

Born with natural sweet tooth

Can recognize mom smell only when breastfeeding

Infants ability to feel pain and touch

Can feel pain at birth

Touch is highly developed and important to understand the world with it

Visual impairment

Difficulties seeing

Can effect depth, light, and color

1. Blindness: below 20/200 after correction

2. Partial sightedness: below 20/70 after correction

Auditory impairment

Affects 1-2% of children

More severe in infants (under 3) because they need to hear language and produce it themselves

Abstract thinking may be limited

Childhood-onset fluency disorder (stuttering)

Substantial disruption in rhythm and fluency of speech

Visual acuity, presbyopia, glaucoma and macular degeneration

1. Ability to see objects in fine detail close and distant

2. Presbyopia: Natural loss of near vision

3. Glaucoma: increased fluid in eye due to production or lack of drainage (can be treated but could also cause blindness if untreated)

4. Age related macular degeneration: damage to part of eye that controls sharp straight ahead vision

Presbycusis (definition) and hearing loss

Hearing loss for high frequency

More common in men

Sound localization is diminished

Caused by loud noises or aging and lack of hair cells in inner ear. Ear is also less elastic with age

50% of adults have hearing loss

Taste and smell as you get older

Both get less due to decline in taste buds and olfactory bulbs, and hypertension (high blood sugar)

Peripheral slowing hypothesis vs generalized slowing hypothesis

1. Peripheral: overall processing speed declines in peripheral nervous system

2. Generalized: processing is less efficient including brain (decision is slowed down)

Perception of time increases with age