EXAM 1 immunology stuffs

what kind of innate immunity barriers are the following considered: intact epithelium, mucus, cilia, smooth muscle contraction

anatomic

what kind of innate immunity barriers are the following considered: temperature, ph, enzymes

physiologic

what kind of innate immunity barriers are the following considered: IFN-a and b, complement and acute phase reacants

soluble factors

what kind of innate immunity barriers are the following considered: neutrophils and monocyte/macrophages

phagocytic/endocytic

what is the internalization of macromolecules

endocytosis

what is endocytosis following binding of macromolecules to surface receptors

receptor mediated endocytosis

what is non specific membrane invagination

pinocytosis

this is when the neutrophil is rolling and reacts to the release of vasogenic substances from sites of inflammation which cause vascular permeability and the neutrophil to stop rolling and stick to the endothelium

margination

this is when the neutrophil squeezes out of the blood vessel between endothelial cells

diapedesis

this is when the neutrophil migrates toward site of tissue damage along the concentration gradient of chemotactic substances

chemotaxis

there are two important vasoactive/chemotactic substances involved in neutrophil migration in innate immunity

IL-8 and C5a

how does complement enhance the activity of phagocytic cells

opsonizing bacteria

what is the most prominent chemotactic factor involved with complement

c5a

what is the membrane attack complex made up of in complement

c5b-c9

what is the major opsonin in complement cascade

c3b

what is the lectin activation complement pathway activated by

mannose binding lectin

these factors are produced in response to viral ran and activate NK cells, increase MHC class I, and induce resistance to viral replication in cells

type I interferon

what are these an example of: LPS, manna, dsRNA, bacterial peptidoglycan bacterial flagellin

PAMPs

the binding of these two things can stimulate cells of the innate arm of the immune system to induce greater inflammatory response and become more effective at initiating adaptive immunity

PAMPs and PRRs

what are some cell associated PRRs

TLR, RIG, NOD

this pattern recognition receptor is more antiviral or responds to damage

RIG/RLR

where are B cells located in an LN

cortex

where are T cells located in a LN

paracortex

this feature of a lymph node brings antigen or dendritic cells presenting antigen back to LN from infection site

afferent lymphatic vessels

this is the location of B cells in the spleen

marginal zone

this is the location of T cells in the spleen

PALs

this substance can enhance the immune response to an antigen when mixed w it

adjuvant

this is the most common adjuvant

aluminum hydroxide

what are linear epitopes?

non-self amino acid sequence recognized by b or t cells

what is the role of CD4+ cells

secrete soluble factors to promote effector cell growth/differentiation

what is the acute phase response?

systemic reaction against inflammation, infection or tissue injury

what are perforin dependent killing mechanisms of CTLs

perforin pokes membrane holes, granzymes enter to induce apoptosis

where are memory T cells found

in lymphatic circulation, blood and peripheral tissues

what mechanisms mediate type II hypersensitivity

complement activation, opsonization, antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity

what is a granuloma

organized macrophage structure surrounding tuberculosis

what is peripheral tolerance

deletion or anergy of auto reactive cells after leaving primary lymphoid organs

what is phagocytosis

specialized uptake of particles like whole bacteria

what is inflammation

pathologic tissue changes due to local damage or foreign materials

what triggers IFN-a/b production

viral RNA

what is a carrier

substance that enables happen to induce response when linked

this immunoglobulin is the major Ig in secretions/mucosa, monomer in serum, dimer in secretion

IgA

this is when the cytokine acts on a nearby cell

paracrine activity

what is pathogen evasion by suppression

pathogen encodes immunosuppressive proteins to shift toward wear antibody response

what are clinical effects of skin type I hypersensitivity

local swelling, redness, vasodilation after insect sting

which sex is more often affected by autoimmunity

fremale

what is the hygiene hypothesis

low microbial exposure leads to increased allergy/autoimmunity

these are all factors of what: cells, molecules and physiologic responses present before infection with broad specificity

innate immunity

these are examples of factors to which type of immunity; lymphocytes and molecules after infection, narrow specificity

adaptive immunity

what are examples of soluble factors in innate immunity

IFN-A/B, complement, acute phase reactants

what is endocytosis

internalization of macromolecules

what is receptor mediated endocytosis

endocytosis triggered by binding of macromolecules to surface receptors

what are two oxygen dependent pathways of phagocytic cell killing a bacterium

ROS or Reative nitrogen intermediates

what are two oxygen independent mechanisms of phagocytic cell killing

antibacterial proteins or proteolytic enzymes

which signs of inflammation increase vascular permeability

pain and swelling

what signs of inflammation are caused by vasodilation

heat and redness

what is margination

neutrophil stops rolling and sticks to endothelum

what is diapedesis

neutrophil squeezes between endothelial cells to exit blood vessel

what is chemotaxis

neutrophil migrates toward tissue damage along chemotactic gradient

what is the goal of the alternative complement pathway

form MAC and enhance phagocyte recruitment/activity

how is the alternative complement pathway activated

spontaneous c3 cleavage

what activates the lectin complement pathway

mannose-binding lectin

factor c5b is associated with what function

MAC

factor c3b is associated with what function

opsonization

factor c5a is associated with what function

chemotaxis

what are pathogen associated molecular patterns

microbial molecules recognized by PRRs/epithelial cells that trigger inflammation and adaptive immunity

what are examples of PAMPs

LPS, peptidoglycan, flagellin, manina, dsRNA

what are cell associated PRRs

toll like receptors, rig like receptors, NODs

what are soluble PRRs

MBL, LBP

what is clonal expansion

BCR binds antigen—>proliferation—>plasma cells or memory cells

what are secondary lymphoid organs

organs where lymphocytes encounter antigen/perform immune function

what is an immunogen

antigen that induces and adaptive response

what is an adjuvant

substance that enhances immune response when mixed with antigen

how do adjuvants enhance immunity

render antigen insoluble, prolong persistence, activate inflammatory cells

what is an epitope

part of the antigen recognized by immune system

which epitopes do T cells recognize

linear only

what are conformational epitopes

surface amino acids recognized by B cells only

what is a hapten

antigen that can be bound/recognized but not immunogenicity alone

what is a mitogen

molecule that induces polyclonal b or T cell activation

what is an example of a mitogen

LPS from gram - directly activates B cells regardless of specificity

what are the parts of an antibody

light chain, heavy chain, variable and constant region

on what part of the antibody does the antigen bind

variable region of the heavy and light chain

this antibody is a pentamer with highest avidity and lowest affinity and a valence of 10

IgM

this antibody is a dimer with a valence of 4

IgA

these antibodies are monomers with a valence of two and highest affinity

IgG, IgD, IgE

what is valence

number of antigen binding sites

what is avidity

total strength of binding based on valence

what is affinity

strength of one antibody epitope interaction

this is the first isotope expressed in B cells, actives complement, pentamer in serum

IgM antibody

this is the most abundant in serum, opsonizes, activates complement, crosses placenta, monomer

IgG antibody

this is low serum concentration, binds mast cells/basophils, mediates allergies

IgE

this ig is primarily surface Ig with the function unknown

IgD

physiologic recombination in BCR/TCR gene assembly is what?

somatic recombination

what is the role of CD8 cells

recognize tumor or pathogen infected cells

what cells are MHC-I complex found on

nucleated somatic cells

what cells are MHC-II found on

APCs

is cd4+ pathway for exogenous or endogenous material

exogenous

is cd8+ pathway for exogenous or endogenous material

endogenous

how are TCRs made

somatic recombination

what is the role of positive selection

ensures TCR can weakly recognize self-MHC

what is the role of negative selection

eliminates TCR that bind strongly to self-MHC