Quarterly 4 Honors Bio Exam

Theory of Evolution

That species change/evolve to better fit their environments

Causes of Evolution

Natural selection, Genetic drift, Gene flow, Mutations

Evidence for Evolution

Fossil record, Comparative anatomy, Comparative Embryology, Biogeography

Fossil Record

Calculating absolute age of fossil via rock position

Comparative Anatomy

Homologous structures, Vestigial Structures, Divergent Evolution, Analogous Structures, Convergent Evolution

Comparative Embryology

The comparison of embryos from different species

Biochemistry

Comparison of DNA/ protein sequences

Trophic Levels

Producers, Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Decomposers

How does energy enter a food chain?

Through producers (plants)

What are the levels of Ecology?

1. Biosphere
2. Ecosystem
3. Community
4. Population

Abiotic

Not alive (never having been alive either)

Biotic

Alive/alive at some point

Characteristics of a Biome

Plants, Animals, Weather, Climate

Oligotrophic Lakes

Nutrient poor, few plants, clear water

Eutrophic Lakes

Nutrient rich, many species, murky water

Trophic cascade

powerful impacts on ecosystems/food web

Limiting Factors for populations

Factors that prevent growth such as food/water, living space, or natural disasters

Density Dependant

Affected by population size

Density Independent

Not effected by population size

Carrying Capacity

Population Max

Ecological Niche

Role an organism plays in a community

Savanna

* 20% of the earth
* grassy
* tropical and subtropical
* Wet and Dry season
* Africa

Temperate Grassland

* Cold winters, warm summers, little rain
* Lots of grass
* surrounded by deserts and forests
* nutrient rich soil

Taiga

* Between Tempera and Tundra
* Acid rain
* trees have shallow roots

Tundra

* Lots of precipitation (usually snow)
* Permafrost - permanent layer of frost in the soil that prevents large roots from getting through

Desert

* 20% of the earth
* Hot and Dry, no rain
* Cold at night

Temperate Deciduous Forest

* between Polar and Tropics
* 4 seasons

Tropical Rainforest

* Dense canopy, little sunlight reaches soil
* Most diverse biome
* Lots of rain

Open Ocean

* Outside coastal areas
* temperature effects shells and photosynthesis

Coral Reefs

* everywhere
* algae
* Lots of fish and life

Competition

Negative for both species

Predation

Positive for one predator, negative for the other

Parasitism

Negative for host, positive for parasite, parasite feeds off of host

Mutualism

Both species benefit

Commensalism

One species benefits, the other is not impacted

Levels of Taxonomy

1. Domain
2. Kingdom
3. Phylum
4. Class
5. Order
6. Family
7. Genus
8. Species

Most diverse level of taxonomy

Domain

Least diverse level of taxonomy

Species

Mollusca

* Bilateral symmetry
* complete digestive track
* visceral mass (muscular foot and mantle)

Echinodermata

* Radial symmetry
* spiny skin
* no brain
* water vascular system
* sea stars, sea urchins, sand dollars

Cnidaria

* Radial Symmetry
* Single entry way to body
* May have tentacles or stingers
* Jellyfish, anemones, coral

Arthropoda

* Bilateral symmetry
* Jointed bodies/appendages
* Hard exoskeletons
* insects, crustaceans, spiders

Porifera

* asymmetrical
* pores to create circulation
* filter feeders
* May have calcium carbonate structures
* sea sponges

Annelida

* Bilateral symmetry
* complete digestive track
* segmented bodies
* earthworms, leeches

Nematoda

* bilateral symmetry
* can be parasitic
* surrounded by non cellular cuticle secreted by cells
* roundworms, hookworms, trichia

Platyhelminthes

* Bilateral symmetry
* incomplete digestive track
* flattened body shape
* many are parasitic
* flatworms, tapeworms, planarcia

Chordata

* Bilateral symmetry
* complete digestive track
* has notochord and hollow dorsal nerve tube
* Mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, etc.

Classes in Phylum Chordata

* Agnatha (jawless fish)
* Chondrichthyes (cartilage fish)
* Osteichthyes (bony fish)
* Amphibia
* Aves (birds)
* Mammalia

Circulatory

* Delivers nutrients and oxygen to cells
* Heart, arteries, and veins

Respiratory

* Gas exchange throughout the body
* Lungs, chiciah, bronchia, larynx

Nervous

* Communication between parts of the body and reacts to changes from outside the body
* brain and spinal cord

Excretory

* removes waste and filters water
* kidney, bladder, ureter, liver

Digestive

* Breaks down food and nutrients
* mouth, esophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine

Skeletal

* Provides support to the body and creates blood cells
* Bones

Open Circulatory System

Blood travels on its own throughout the body

Closed Circulatory System

Blood travels through veins and arteries

Single Circulatory Loop

Single rout for blood to travel

Double Circulatory Loop

More than one rout for blood to travel (2), Humans